This year marks the 50th anniversary of the US Surgeon General’s first ever report, which implicated smoking as the primary cause of emphysema and other chronic diseases. Despite decades of research, emphysema—a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which ranks among the third leading cause of death in the US—remains incurable. Read more
In the 1920s, the German physiologist Otto Warburg proposed that cancer cells generate energy in ways that are distinct from normal cells. Healthy cells mainly metabolize sugar via respiration in the mitochondria, switching only to glycolysis in the cytoplasm when oxygen levels are low. In contrast, cancer cells rely on glycolysis all the time, even under oxygen-rich scenarios. This shift in how energy is produced—the so-called ‘Warburg effect’, as the observation came to be known—is now recognized as a primary driver of tumor formation, but a mechanistic explanation for the phenomenon has remained elusive. Read more
This past winter, vests were a hot button issue thanks to then US presidential hopeful Rick Santorum. But a vest that cools—rather than warms—could fire up studies of brown fat as researchers seek drugs that turn on this calorie-burning tissue. Read more