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October 15, 2008

AAS DPS 2008: Jogging the planets

planet.jpg If you didn't realize it, Ithaca was a good place for DPS. Cornell put on a concert for the planets. The art museum has a special Saturn exhibit going. But one of my favorite things is down the hill from Cornell: the planet walk. Named in honor of Carl Sagan, the planet walk was unveiled in 1997, but has a slightly retro, 1970s feel to it. A little hokey, but endearingly earnest and fun nonetheless. You start at the heart of the Ithaca Commons, downtown, with a concrete monument to the sun, adorned with factoids. A circular hole within the monument sets the scale: that is the diameter of the sun, at one 5-billionth of its size. The planets, each with their own monument, stretch out from there, their distances based proportionately on their orbits. I decided to go for a jog out to Pluto, to really get a sense of the solar system's scale.

The inner planets all lie within a block. Jupiter, the size of a silver dollar in its sun-sized hole, sits by the famous vegetarian Moosewood Restaurant a couple blocks away. Saturn, its plastic all scratched up, is further out, in front of the Tompkins County library. I only had to run for less than 10 minutes to get this far, but the next stages of the jog were daunting. Uranus was in a little residential park, Neptune out along a canal that leads to Lake Cayuga. Pluto, finally, was tucked away by Ithaca's "Sciencenter" a mile or two away (it seemed like billions and billions), a perfect resting place for our favorite dwarf planet (Sciencenter staff said that they would be updating Pluto's factoids to reflect the current controversy). And with the conference over, I could use some rest myself. Ithaca was wonderful. If, as Sagan said, the universe was bigger than anything anyone has dreamed of, then Ithaca was my cozy little solar system for nearly a week. Until next time, Eric.

October 14, 2008

AAS DPS 2008: Pluto

hal.jpg They're still arguing the 'is Pluto a planet' question. I've got to be honest: without much of a stake in the debate (i.e., not being a PI to an icy planet that became a dwarf one) I can't muster that much energy for it. But I'd still be scared of arguing with Hal Levison, who spoke earlier this weekend at a special session on the question.
Hal works at Southwest Research Institute in Colorado, and is an expert on solar system dynamics, and the processes by which little planetesimal pieces coagulate into bigger bodies. He's a big body himself: burly, bearded and boom-voiced, dressed in baggy blue jeans and boots. Eyes flashing, he could be a viking without a helmet. He thinks the whole Pluto debate is kind of absurd. Just look at the distribution, he says. (A nice graphic that Hal refers to, courtesy Cassini scientist John Spencer, after the jump). In the graphic, which shows body size on the y-axis and orbital radius on the x-axis – in logarithmic scale – eight things clearly stand out. They are the planets. Everything else is part of a distribution: asteroids, trojans, KBOs, etc. It's obvious.

If you go with a size definition, based on this roundness, his daughter will have to memorize 1,000 planets. He doesn't like that. “Also, the mnemonic would really suck.” He wishes people wouldn't associate non-planets with lesser scientific importance. He's personally most interested in smallish Kuiper Belt Objects. “These guys,” he says, pointing to the small bodies, “including Pluto, are the coolest things in the solar system. I don't care what people say.”
I'm glad the big guy is looking out for the little guy.
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AAS DPS 2008: Methane monsoon

titan.jpg Lots of weather-related Titan talks at this DPS, and it's no surprise, coming from a confluence of maturing Cassini science and an approaching equinox. Titan, which has a year of 30 Earth years, had its summer solstice in 2002. In the next couple years, its north pole will heat up (relatively speaking) as it emerges from winter, and the prevalent methane and ethane lakes will begin to evaporate as clouds form and carry moisture in a giant convective cell that stretches from pole to pole. Pictured here is a Cassini snap from February, with a streaky cloud visible near the north pole: an early sign of spring. “The weather patterns are likely to change fairly rapidly, and that could be quite exciting,” says Ralph Lorenz of Applied Physics Lab in Maryland. The polar lakes grow in winter and shrink in summer, the thinking goes. Ralph points out that sci-fi master Arthur C. Clarke had that same thought back in 1976 in "Imperial Earth". “It was sort of prophetic, in a way,” he says. An excerpt, courtesy Ralph:
The most impressive meteorological phenomenon was the so-called 'Methane Monsoon', which often - though not invariably - occurred with the onset of spring in the northern hemisphere. During the long winter, some of the methane in the atmosphere condensed in local cold spots and formed shallow lakes, up to a thousand kilometers square but seldom more than a few meters deep ...

October 13, 2008

AAS DPS 2008: Pale blue dot

paleblue.jpg Sometime soon, astronomers are going to announce an Earth-sized extrasolar planet in the habitable zone of its star. And not too long after that, telescopes are going to be able to actually get an image of these things – albeit as a crude, unresolved, disc-averaged blob within a single pixel of the telescope's camera. There are modelers who spend their time thinking about what that blob should look like, and whether its spectroscopic signals would represent something Earth-like. But the models are quirky and need some ground-truthing. They need some Earth-truthing.
And so two current missions, ESA's Venus Express and NASA's EPOXI, a secondary mission for the old Deep Impact spacecraft, are turning their cameras around and taking some fuzzy pictures of Earth. Scientists on the two teams gave talks about the observations over the weekend here. “The crudeness of our observation is really our strength,” says David Grinspoon, astrobiology curator at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science and also a scientist on Venus Express.
This is not first time that Earth has been imaged from afar. In 1990, Voyager 1 took a snapshot of Earth from 4 billion miles away. We are the speck in the middle of the blue circle, pictured here. Carl Sagan used the picture as the inspiration for his book “Pale Blue Dot”. But the Voyager pic and others were one-off, snapshot sort of things. Grinspoon says this is the first time anyone has tried to do good, disc-averaged imaging and spectroscopy on Earth from afar, over time. How does that little blob, and its spectroscopic signature, change with the seasons? With a day, as oceans spin past?
You might think it trivial to calculate this, by just averaging the sum-total of observations from fancy satellites. Turns out that it's very difficult. Ocean and continental signatures are very different; sunlight glints off of oceans in weird ways; atmospheric edge effects are problematic. “Our models are not doing that well right now,” says Tim Livengood of the EPOXI mission. “We have so much information about the Earth, that you have to thin it down to a practical level.”
Both groups, in their 'bad' pictures, found something called the “red edge”, a sudden shelf of brightness in the infrared part of the spectrum caused by plant life. Grinspoon says that a team of Venusian astronomers would thus conclude that Earth indeed has the signature of life.

AAS DPS 2008: Icy iconoclast

retrograde.jpg Could a renegade, retrograde ice ball signal a new population of distant bodies in the solar system? Brett Gladman of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver was on hand at a press briefing here to describe his discovery earlier this year of a 50-kilometre chunk of ice that doesn't fit with known populations. It was discovered with a Hawaiian telescope, as a part of a Canadian-French survey of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune. The body, called 2008 KV42, has an orbit that is past perpendicular (104 degrees) to the ecliptic plane of the solar system, and its motion is opposite that of the planets. “That must be due to where it comes from,” says Gladman. The strange orbit has Gladman speculating about a third source of bodies besides the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. Compositionally, the ice ball fits well with the Kuiper Belt, the ring of Pluto-like ice and rock balls past Neptune, but it's orbit doesn't gibe at all. And while comets from the more distant Oort Cloud have retrograde, highly inclined orbits, this isn't a comet. The team has nicknamed the object Drac, after Dracula, for its ability to walk on walls. Ron Cowen over at Science News has more here.

October 12, 2008

AAS DPS 2008: Standing on the shoulders of rubbish

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Laura Venner, presenting a poster yesterday, wasn't doing much to dispel stereotypes about New Jersey. Venner is an astronomy educator at the Meadowlands Environment Center in Lyndhurst, New Jersey. She has a new 20-inch telescope that she uses to show schoolchildren binary star systems and all the usual solar system attractions, when the light pollution from New York City isn't too bad. The telescope sits high on a hill -- one that happens to be a rehabilitated sanitary landfill. Of all the rolling hills around her in the Lyndhurst area, she says that only one, called Snake Hill, is real. “All the rest of them are dumps,” she says. “It is very cliché, I know.”

AAS DPS 2008: The moon's thick backside

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Sho Sakada, of Japan's national astronomical observatory, was on hand yesterday to show off the latest results from Kaguya / SELENE, the lunar orbiter launched last year by the Japanese space agency JAXA.
SELENE doesn't have the power that Maria Zuber hopes her GRAIL mission will have. But Sakada showed some of the first high-resolution gravity anomaly maps of the lunar far side, made from radio tracking maps of the surface, as SELENE is tugged ever so slightly up and down by differential gravity. A gravity anomaly map shows where the force of gravity strays from the mean. If there's more mass under you, you weigh more. So standing above a topographic high, or on top of a really dense lode of rock, you'd be slightly heavier: a high gravity anomaly.

What Sakada found was expected: the far side of the moon is full of gravitational lows. Scientists have long thought that the near side cooled more slowly, and that the moon's warm mantle and core were tugged closer to the Earth. This dense rock is much closer to the surface on the near side, as evidenced by the mare basalt flows in all of the basins. The far side has a much thicker crust.

nearside.jpgAnd so Sakada's maps show gravity highs in nearside impact basins, where the underlying dense rock was allowed to well up to the surface. Impacts on the farside, however, only partially excavate the thick, less dense crust, creating a ring-like basin that is a topographic, and gravitational, low. Hopefully that's enough explanation to help you figure out which picture here came from which side of the moon.

AAS DPS 2008: A symphonic solar system

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What a treat last night. A massive combination of the student symphony orchestras from Cornell and nearby Ithaca College performed Gustav Holtz' “The Planets”, set to an impressive slideshow of planetary images from the last quarter century. I went with my uncle, a space geek who ended up becoming one of Ithaca's orthodonists (he always brags about doing Steve Squyres' kids), and we got two of the last seats in the the balcony of Bailey Hall.

While “The Planets” was thoroughly enjoyably, I was chilled by a special opener, the world premiere of a percussive piece called “Anillos”, Spanish for “Rings”. Music professor Roberto Sierra composed the spooky piece, with its unnerving xylophone swells and timpanic thunder, with images from the Cassini-Huygens mission in mind. It's amazing how visuals can inform your aural experience, and vice versa. I had always thought of Saturn as one of the most regal of planets: the crown prince to Jupiter's king. After “Anillos”, I think of Saturn as the most menacing. The image that sends chills down my spine after the jump: a Cassini pic taken from Saturn's lonely backside, the eclipsed sun nothing but a backlight.

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AAS DPS 2008: Tigers and sharks

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Everybody knows about the tiger stripes on Enceladus: the four parallel, long-running 'sulci' or cracks from which plumes of ice and gas spew into Saturn's neighborhood. Now Enceladus has got 'shark fins': raised medial ridges, visible within the tiger stripes. That was the term introduced by Paul Helfenstein of Cornell University, who works on Cassini's main imaging team. “It's turning into a real zoo here,” he says.

He didn't have any new pics from the recent flyby on October 9 (the closest yet), but the team is starting to come up with better explanations for the jumble of faults at the Enceladus' south pole. The shark fins – one of which is the pillowy feature bottom right in the photo – are a feature borrowed from terrestrial geology, when shear and compressive stresses are combined. The oil people call them 'positive flower structures.' The space geeks call them 'shark fins'. Gotta love it. A cartoon explaining the sharks a little more clearly after the jump.

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October 11, 2008

AAS DPS 2008: Ithaca is gorges

cornell.JPG Well, I've arrived at the Division for Planetary Sciences meeting of the American Astronomical Society here at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. And lemme tell you, Ithaca is GORGES. (For those that don't get the town slogan, just navigate the hilly campus for a bit: most traverses of campus involve a suspension bridge or two.)

It's not just pretty terrain but also a pretty time of year: The leaf pundits have us at near peak foliage. The view out over Lake Cayuga, one of New York's finger lakes, is stunning. One can understand why Carl Sagan loved it here. A lovely and fitting place for a planetary science conference. Some 800 other people seem to agree. The lucky 200 that booked years in advance (planetary scientists have a knack for planning long into the future – at least those bound for Pluto) got to stay on site at the Statler Hotel, the Cornell-operated hotel that serves as a something of a classroom for those in Cornell's famous School of Hotel Administration. Onward to the book o' abstracts: 650 of them await...(note to eds: the clock on the library tower reads 8:30 am -- on time for the first session!)