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Archive by date: April 2008

April 30, 2008

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RIP Albert Hofmann - April 30, 2008

Chemist Albert Hofmann has died at the age of 102.

In 1938 Hofmann isolated lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, while working for the Sandoz chemical company. As he notes in his book LSD: My Problem Child, not a lot happened immediately:

The research report also noted, in passing, that the experimental animals became restless during the narcosis. The new substance, however, aroused no special interest in our pharmacologists and physicians; testing was therefore discontinued.

However five years later he found himself in a dreamlike state. After concluding this was related to the lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate he had just started working with again, possibly through accidental absorption through his fingernails, he notes:

There seemed to be only one way of getting to the bottom of this. I decided on a self-experiment.

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‘Greenwashing’ complaints rise - April 30, 2008

ASA logo.bmpIf we needed proof the green was 'the new black' it was surely supplied by the recent stampede by companies to brand their various products as environmentally friendly.

But do they actually live up to true environmental ideals or are they just ‘greenwashing’? Today the UK’s Advertising Standards Authority, the body cursed with the task of enforcing truth in advertising, put out its latest annual report, detailing “record numbers of complaints about environmental claims”.

In total the ASA received 556 complaints about 408 ads last year, compared to 117 complaints about 83 ads the year before (press release, report pdf). Complaints against 24 ads were upheld.

“Claims that products and services were carbon ‘neutral’ or ‘zero’ or ‘negative’ were particularly open to challenge, as were statements about CO2 emissions or absolute claims such as ‘100% recycled’ or ‘wholly sustainable’,” says the report.

My favourite reason for upholding a complaint relates to an ad from Shell which showing chimneys emitting flowers. This was misleading, the ASA says, “because it implied that Shell used at least the majority of their waste CO2 to grow flowers, whereas the actual amount was a very small proportion when compared to the global activities of Shell”.

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Asian vulture numbers dwindle - April 30, 2008

vulture-white-backed GETTY.BMPThe Asian vulture could be flapping its last, according to Indian naturalists.

Widespread use of the drug diclofenac is generally believed to be behind a massive drop in their numbers. And despite the anti-inflammatory being outlawed in livestock, widespread use continues to fell the birds, in whom it triggers kidney failure.

A new paper in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society reports that “the oriental white-backed vulture is now in dire straits with only one thousandth of the 1992 population remaining” (pdf – note this has the wrong date on it, press release).

Long-billed and slender-billed vultures are also in trouble. The survey detailed in this paper concludes that all three species could be down to just a few hundred birds across the whole of India. They could be “functionally extinct in less than a decade”, according to Vibhu Prakash, of the Bombay Natural History Society, and his colleagues.

As a number of newspapers note, following the press release, the vultures are disappearing faster than dodos did.

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UPDATE - Storm over global-warming sceptic hurricane man - April 30, 2008

radar hurricane NOAA.jpgPosted for Jeff Tollefson

Update: Gray calls the uproar a ‘non-story’

It appears that the latest flap regarding hurricane expert and noted global warming sceptic Bill Gray was a bit overblown. Several hours after we posted the original Houston Chronicle story on this blog, Gray returned a phone call from Nature and quickly sought to set the record straight about his alleged troubles at Colorado State University.

“This is a funny thing,” he began. “We had something come up last year, and it was all smoothed over. It’s a non-story.”

At issue were Gray’s well-regarded hurricane forecasts and his unequivocal opposition to the notion that greenhouse gas emissions are driving global warming. The Chronicle reported that CSU is, or at least was, threatening to cut off its media support for his hurricane forecasts due to his unpopular stand on global warming. The key piece of evidence was a year-old internal memo from Gray suggesting as much.

Gray, who has retired and now comes to work as a professor emeritus, was not quoted directly in the story, and he said he was as surprised as anybody when it came out.

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April 29, 2008

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Sebastian’s super synthetic spider silk - April 29, 2008

spider-orb-weaving-Argiope aurantia CORBIS.JPGWe’re one step closer to making synthetic spider silk, thanks to work by researchers in Germany.

Sebastian Rammensee and colleagues have constructed a microfluidic device which combines two spider silk proteins into fibers.

“The major breakthrough is that this is the first time one has produced fully synthetic silk threads and understood why,” says Andreas Bausch, co-author on a new paper describing the device in PNAS (quoted in the Daily Telegraph).

The Independent gets excited about all the things we could make with super-synthetic-silk: “from bullet-proof vests and lightweight material for parachutes, to extremely strong ropes and fishing nets that will decompose quickly if lost at sea” or even “biodegradable sutures for sealing up internal wounds”.

The research team believe three stages are needed for fibers to form. The proteins must condense into spherical particles; pH must drop; and then particles must be forced to slide past each other in a thin chamber.
Both New Scientist and Scientific American go into the technical details.

Image: Corbis

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US states sued over wolf status - April 29, 2008

gray wolf FWS.jpgA coalition of 12 environmental groups is taking the US government to court in an attempt to overturn the gray wolf’s loss of protected status.

After its ‘endangered’ status was removed, management of the wolf reverted to state control. Now environmentalists are claiming some states are too carefree with culling.

“Actions by the states of Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, and by individuals, since wolves were delisted demonstrate the need to resume federal safeguards for wolves until state plans are in place that ensure a sustainable wolf population in the region,” says a statement from the groups.

“For example, on the very day delisting took effect — March 28, 2008 — Idaho Governor Butch Otter signed into law a new Idaho law allowing Idaho citizens to kill wolves without a permit whenever wolves are annoying, disturbing, or “worrying” livestock or domestic animals.”

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Storm over global-warming sceptic hurricane man - April 29, 2008

radar hurricane NOAA.jpg


Update 30/05/08: Gray calls the uproar a ‘non-story’

Earlier this month we noted the controversy that greeted this year’s hurricane predictions from Colorado State University academic William Gray. Now it seems Gray’s future is in jeopardy.

According to a story in the Houston Chronicle, CSU feels all the media curfuffle around the annual predictions is taking too much staff time. Gray thinks otherwise.

“This is obviously a flimsy excuse and seems to me to be a cover for the Department’s capitulation to the desires of some (in their own interest) who want to reign [sic] in my global warming and global warming-hurricane criticisms,” said Gray in a memo written when he was informed of the decision last year (read the memo).

Wikipedia has a whole section on his climate change position, which he’s also outlined in a BBC opinion piece. And as the Chronicle’s science blog notes, CSU’s excuse is slightly strange:

I contacted a handful of public relations professionals who found that excuse to be, at best, questionable. University media offices exist to get press for their schools. Gray delivered that in spades with his hurricane forecasts.

CSU denies that Gray’s views on global warming have anything to do with it. Most of the forecasting work is currently done by Gray’s former student Phil Klotzbach and CSU says it will continue to support the forecasts as long as is involved.

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April 28, 2008

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Polar bear not ‘endangered’, just ‘concerning’ - April 28, 2008

polar bear USFWS.jpgWhile we await a US decision on the status of the polar bear, a Canadian expert group has decided it is in trouble, but not quite enough trouble for it to be considered endangered just yet.

In America they have been dragging out making a similar decision for months, and there’s still no answer (see Nature).

Meanwhile, north of the border, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada says the bear is merely of ‘special concern’, just one step up from ‘fine and dandy’ although the government group does admit to some worries. “Although the current and projected decline is insufficient to justify a status of Threatened, considerable concern exists over the future of polar bears in Canada,” says the latest assessment.

“Based on the best available information at hand, there was insufficient reason to think that the polar bear was at imminent risk of extinction,” says panel chairman Jeff Hutchings (BBC, Reuters). “That’s not to say that it's not in trouble. A special concern species is a species at risk in Canada and requires legislative action.”

However Canada’s Environment Minister John Baird still has to decide what to do with the listing of the bear as of concern. Reuters says he pledged to take action while “standing in front of a stuffed polar bear at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa”. I can’t work out if that’s appropriate or deeply inappropriate.

But while the polar bears are getting most of the coverage there are some more tragic tales unfolding in Canada...

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World’s top 100 brains - April 28, 2008

brain alamy.JPGProspect magazine has launched the second of its 100 greatest intellectual polls. Once again there are a number of high profile scientists in the list, on which you can vote for your favourites.

Last time round Richard Dawkins came in third (just behind Noam Chomsky and Umberto Eco).

Dawkins is in the list again this year, along with Jared Diamond, Drew Gilpin Faust, Neil Gershenfeld, Bjørn Lomborg, James Lovelock, Sunita Narain, and Lee Smolin. And in the ‘too cool to use their full names’ sub-category, we have V.S. Ramachandran, J. Craig Venter, and E.O. Wilson.

Al Gore didn’t make it last time but he’s on the list now. We’re expecting a strong showing from him this year.

Conspicuous by their absence: Stephen Hawking, Rajendra Pachauri, Jonathan Haidt.

Image: Alamy

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Live super-size squid autopsy - April 28, 2008

A humongous – though technically only colossal -- squid is about to be dissected live over the internet.

This rare example of a colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) was frozen when it was pulled out of the sea early in 2007. Now researchers at Te Papa museum in New Zealand are defrosting it in preparation for its autopsy.

“They’re incredibly rare - this is probably one of maybe six specimens ever brought up,” says Carol Diebel, director of natural environment at the museum (BBC).

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April 25, 2008

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Weekly round up - April 25, 2008

What’s been on The Great Beyond this week and a few extras...

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Sulphate science won’t stop global warming - April 25, 2008

sky AddStyle.JPGHere’s a shocking finding: messing around with our atmosphere could be a bad idea.

Some scientists have suggested that we could throw sulphate particles into the atmosphere, which could block sunlight and offset global warming. Now research by Simone Tilmes, of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, suggests this would mess up the ozone layer.

“Our research indicates that trying to artificially cool off the planet could have perilous side effects,” she says (press release). “While climate change is a major threat, more research is required before society attempts global geoengineering solutions.”

In a new paper published by Science, Tilmes and colleages write:

An injection of sulfur large enough to compensate surface warming due to the doubling of CO2 would cause a drastic increase in the extent of Arctic ozone depletion during the next century for cold winters and would cause a considerable delay, between 30 and 70 years, in the expected recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.

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Scientists ‘under siege’ from political interference - April 25, 2008

A new report says the US Environmental Protection Agency is ‘under siege’, with more than half of scientists surveyed claiming there is political interference in the agency’s work.

The Union of Concerned Scientists interviewed current and former EPA staff and surveyed hundreds more. It says:

The results of these investigations show an agency under siege from political pressures. On numerous issues—ranging from mercury pollution to groundwater contamination to climate change—political appointees have edited scientific documents, manipulated scientific assessments, and generally sought to undermine the science behind dozens of EPA regulations.

AP notes an EPA spokesman “attributed some of the discontent to the “passion” scientists have toward their work”. Jonathan Shradar “said the findings will not change anything” (Washington Post).

As one of my colleagues noted, the shocking thing about this is how unsurprising it is. We seem to have become inured to the fact that politicians interfere with scientific practice when they don’t hear what they want to hear.

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Protein shows chicken’s dino heritage - April 25, 2008

t-rex2 alamy.JPGchicken Getty.JPGAnalysis of a protein from Tyrannosaurus Rex confirms that our modern chickens really are descendants the closest living relatives of the fearsome beast. The finding has divided opinion over whether it means we should have more respect for the humble chicken, or whether we should instead look down on T. Rex for its pathetic, distant offspring relation.*

Researchers from the United States this week report the first use of analysis of a protein, in this case extracted from a femur found in 2003, to place a non-avian dino in the ‘tree of life’. The team also did the same thing for the mastodon, unsurprisingly finding it grouped with modern elephants (new paper in Science).

“We determined that T. rex, in fact, grouped with birds – ostrich and chicken – better than any other organism that we studied,” says John Asara, of the Harvard Medical School (press release). “We also showed that it groups better with birds than modern reptiles, such as alligators and green anole lizards.”

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April 24, 2008

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‘Gloomy’ emissions data shows methane rising - April 24, 2008

NOAA carbon diox graph.jpgLevels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 0.6% last year according to NOAA. Perhaps more worryingly methane levels also rose, for the first time since 1998.

Last year, according to new figures from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, saw the joint third highest rise in global carbon dioxide concentrations since measurements began in 1998. NOAA says 2.4 molecules of carbon dioxide were added to every million molecules in the air, totalling around 19 billion tonnes and taking concentrations to 385 parts per million (press release).

“It’s gloomy,” says NOAA’s Pieter Tans (Retuers). “With carbon dioxide emissions, we’re on the wrong track, it’s obvious. And I’m also fully convinced that we’re in actually quite a dangerous situation for climate.”

However 2.4 ppm isn’t that unusual and the agency says annual increases of 2 ppm or more have been common since 2000 (click carbon dioxide graph right for longer term trend graph). The methane figures are potentially more troubling.

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Today’s space pics: ‘Galaxies gone wild’ - April 24, 2008

GGW 1.jpgUnder the slightly risqué headline ‘Galaxies gone wild!’ the Hubble Space Telescope team has released a series of images of hot galaxy merging action.

In total 59 candid snaps of colliding galaxies have been released, most of which are products of the GOALS project, combining data from the Spitzer, Hubble, Chandra and GALEX instruments.

More of our favourites from the 59 below the fold. Click on images for description.

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Scientists see into ‘blazars’ and sing about it... - April 24, 2008

blazar pic.jpgAstronomers say they have peered for the first time into the massive jet of particles fired out of a ‘blazar’ – the most energetic type of black-hole at the centre of a galaxy.

Blazars have opposite plasma jets firing out from a black hole at near-light speed. According to theoretical predictions these jets are powered by magnetic fields twisted by rotation of the hole’s ‘accretion disk’, the collection of material pulled inward towards the hole.

In this week’s Nature Alan Marscher and colleagues report observations that appear to support these predictions (covered by the BBC, Scientific American, Reuters).

“We have gotten the clearest look yet at the innermost portion of the jet, where the particles actually are accelerated, and everything we see supports the idea that twisted, coiled magnetic fields are propelling the material outward,” says Marscher, a researcher at Boston University (press release). “This is a major advance in our understanding of a remarkable process that occurs throughout the Universe.”

The full story of this paper can be heard on this week’s Nature podcast, which also features part of Marscher’s song about blazars, one of a whole host of science songs he’s written.

Be warned though, Marscher says ‘Superluminal Lover’ is “a hot love song ... with a Latin beat, that links activity in blazars with human passion ... beware: it is beyond X-rated, it's GAMMA-RATED!”

Image: artist’s conception of region near supermassive black hole / Marscher et al., Wolfgang Steffen, Cosmovision, NRAO/AUI/NSF

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When is a science degree not a science degree? - April 24, 2008

graduation hat.pngOver in Texas they’ve just told the religious Institute of Creation Research they can’t offer a masters of science degree in science education. Meanwhile, in the UK, we’re busily dishing out degrees in a whole host of strange and rather unscientific subjects.

The Texas case has been building for a while. Apparently the state’s commissioner of higher education thought the ICR failed to show their degree met “acceptable standards of science and science education”. Even better, or worse depending on your outlook, it was “inconsistent with ... rules which require the accurate labelling or designation of programs”.

Which is a nice way of saying it wasn’t science.

“Religious belief is not science,” says Commissioner Raymund Paredes (press release). “Science and religious belief are surely reconcilable, but they are not the same thing.”

The Dallas Morning News reports that what it calls the “Bible-based group” warned the education board it could face legal action for suppressing free speech. “We will pursue due process,” says Henry Morris III, chief executive officer of the ICR. “We will no doubt see you in the future.”

AP quotes him saying “It really wasn't a surprise given the current climate of opposition that exists.”

In the UK, however, it seems we’re a soft touch for dubious degrees.

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April 23, 2008

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Songs about science part VI: ‘Don’t go messing with our telescope’ - April 23, 2008

We’ve covered the UK ‘physics funding crisis’ before, which might lead to a number of facilities including the Jodrell Bank telescope closing.

Now someone has written a song about it. ‘The Jodrell Bank Song’ by The Astronomers, produced by local radio station Silk FM, was released on Monday.

“When the Science and Technology Facilities Council announced plans to cut back the funding for Jodrell Bank the world was outraged,” says the group’s website, which also contains interviews regarding the Jodrell Bank site. “The future of the famous Lovell telescope and the e-Merlin project is now in doubt. Without funding, the site cannot continue to operate.”

Hat tip: The Guardian

Previously on Songs about Science
Songs about science
Songs of science part II
Songs about science part III: geology
Songs about science part IV: GeekPop08
Songs about science part V: singing scientists

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Seeing mistakes before they happen - April 23, 2008

brain getty.JPGOur brains show distinctive patterns in the moments before we make mistakes, according to new research. This could one day lead to monitoring of those doing critical jobs, to prevent mistakes before they even happen.

Using MRI scans, Tom Eichele and colleagues found certain brain regions activated 30 seconds before errors were made by study subjects performing a simple repetitive task (research paper in PNAS). A number of news outlets note that previous studies have shown similar activity, but only seconds before errors.

Fellow author Stefan Debener, of the University of Southampton, likens this to the person switching to autopilot.

“The brain begins to economise, by investing less effort to complete the same task,” he says (BBC). “We see a reduction in activity in the prefrontal cortex. At the same time, we see an increase in activity in an area which is more active in states of rest, known as the Default Mode Network (DMN).”

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Dear presidential candidates: you’re wrong - April 23, 2008

vaccine Alamy.JPGIn the UK, a misconduct hearing is continuing for doctor Andrew Wakefield, who many hold responsible for the panic over the MMR vaccine and spurious links to autism. The hearing started last year and will continue until August.

Our government recently released a rather dull report on immunisation, which did however hold the interesting news that parents were slowly being convinced by the safety of MMR.

David Salisbury, the UK’s Director of Immunisation, noted: “it is imperative that we continue to do all we can to encourage take up of vaccines - particularly MMR. ... The evidence on MMR is clear. Population studies and studies in individual children show no link between the vaccine and autism.”

Sadly the message is not getting through in the United States. On Monday Barack Obama gave up his status as the last remaining heavyweight US presidential candidate who hadn’t spouted dangerous nonsense on the topic.

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More fallout from ‘ballistic’ Soyuz landing - April 23, 2008

soyuz landing.jpgNasa has admitted that the wildly off-target landing of the Russian Soyuz space craft last week is “clearly a concern”.

That statement came as the Russian Interfax agency reported that the Soyuz entered the atmosphere the wrong way round; with its hatch rather than its heat shield taking the strain of re-entry.

“The fact that the entire crew ended up whole and undamaged is a great success. Everything could have turned out much worse. You could say the situation was on a razor’s edge,” an unnamed Russian official told the agency (Interfax is subscription only but you can read a follow up story from AP).

Bill Gerstenmaier, NASA's space operations chief, is the man who made the “clearly a concern” remark. Space.com notes other concerning points he mentioned at a recent press briefing:

- “unusual buffeting, jarring and shaking” before the descent. This might suggest the Soyuz’s propulsion module did not detached as planned.
- radio contact with mission control was lost during reentry.
- there were signs of smoke inside the Soyuz during reentry

Could they have predicted that this would happen? Here’s a quote from an article by Australian newspaper The Age:

“There is very little probability of another ballistic landing," said General Vladimir Popov, who heads the team responsible for Russia’s space search and rescue operations. "But we must be prepared for any variant, and we are.”

When did Popov say that? Way back in 2003...

Image: artist’s impression of correct Soyuz descent (from Nasa’s Soyuz landing timeline).

April 22, 2008

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Return of the hockey stick - April 22, 2008

Posted on behalf of Jeff Tollefson:

Paleoclimate researchers are mounting a new modelling exercise to assess their skills at reconstructing not the actual climate during the last millennium, but a pseudo climate generated by current global models.

The goal of the “Paleoclimate Reconstruction Challenge
is to get around an inherent problem: Climate reconstructions are difficult to validate because by definition nobody knows exactly what the actual climate looked like. Instrumental data only goes back about 150 years, and proxy data used to calculate temperatures is sparse beyond about 400 years. hockeystick.gif

In this case, the teams will be able to compare their reconstructions to an actual climate simulation, which will remain secret until the end. They will then be able to assess in detail where things went wrong.

Caspar Ammann, a paleoclimatologist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, has secured about $450,000 over three years from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the project. He says the exercise will be open to the entire paleoclimate community, including sceptics who have long questioned previous reconstructions.

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Judge clears art prof in 'strange culture' case - April 22, 2008

Posted on behalf of Rachel Courtland:

Art professor Steven Kurtz was cleared of criminal charges Monday by the U.S District Court in Buffalo, NY. The decision comes four years after Kurtz discovered his wife had died of a heart attack, and police responding to the call discovered lab equipment and bacterial cultures in their home.

Kurtz, an art professor at the University at Buffalo, was using the cultures for art projects like these, which involve using biological materials to create politically-charged art, on topics like government policies on GM crops. biohazard.png


Initially investigated on charges of bioterrorism, Kurtz was indicted by the Department of Justice in 2004 for mail and wire fraud. The charges were hailed in some circles as an attack on civil liberties.

The Buffalo News broke the story yesterday , and other coverage has added few details. But the Chronicle of Higher Education notes the saga may not yet be over, as the justice department can appeal the ruling.

Those who want to relive some of the drama may want to rent last year’s documentary, Strange Culture, which features a cameo by Tilda Swinton as Kurtz’s wife.

Image: the international sign for biohazardous materials; via Wikimedia

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Drugs: a red rag for bullfighting officials - April 22, 2008

bullfight.jpgA new front has opened up in sport’s war on drugs. Contestants in Spanish bullfights are to be subjected to dope testing if they ‘behave strangely’ during bouts.

We’re not talking about the matadors here.

According to Spanish paper El Mundo, dope testing of bulls has taken place occasionally before, but new procedures at the San Isidro festival will see more testing, with the actual work carried out by an official lab for the first time. Scientists will be looking for either steroids or tranquilisers.

“The first give the bull more resistance, and may mask a limp or a small injury so the animal passes preliminary inspection,” Mirat Fernando, a vet with the Regional Public Health Laboratory told the paper. “... And tranquilizers are used to change the behaviour of the bull.”

Making bulls more docile is not something that goes down well with fans. The Daily Telegraph notes that some are already saying recent bulls have been rather too meek.

An investigation into doping began in 2002 after some bulls “appeared to behave strangely”, but it was inconclusive (The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph).

The San Isidro event in Madrid is regarded as one of the most prestigious in the bullfighting calendar. Fines of up to 60,000 euros may be imposed on those who drug their bulls.

Image: detail from photo of a bullfight in Granada / via Wikimedia

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Get us off this planet, says Hawking - April 22, 2008

Steven Hawking has called for a new focus on space exploration to ensure a future for humanity.

At a speech marking 50 years of Nasa he compared the current situation to Europe before America was discovered (press notice). “Spreading out into space will have an even greater effect. It will completely change the future of the human race and maybe determine whether we have any future at all,” AFP quotes him saying.

“If the human race is to continue for another million years, we will probably have to go where nobody has gone before,” he added, according to ABC.

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Earth day divides the planet - April 22, 2008

globe NASA VE.jpgSome people are really getting into the spirit of Earth Day, the annual environmental awareness day. Some are most definitely not. It’s like A Christmas Carol, but with Al Gore as Tiny Tim and maybe Bjorn Lomborg as Scrooge.

The reoccurring theme of those giving their full backing to the day is “We don't need one Earth Day, we need 365 of them” (eg, The Montreal Gazette). A similar note is struck by the King Features comic syndication company, which has put out a whole series of strips demanding ‘earth day every day’ (news coverage). You know things are serious when Spiderman and Dennis the Menace get involved.

Actually though we are already supposed to be having Earth Day every day. This is International Year of Planet Earth – as detailed in Nature’s recent supplement.

Google has put out a special map to allow people to share Earth Day ideas. So far it seems no one in Europe has chipped in, but in the United States they’re promising to do everything from walking to work and taking the stairs to using biodegradable golf tees. Brice from Texas is taking a step that may well catch on as green trend: “I will shutdown my computer leave the work 1 hour earlier.”

Providing fuel to those who accuse environmentalists of over-hyping the problem, the Times of India declares, “it is pertinent to point out that in these years the planet has been mauled so collectively and nastily that its longevity has literally shrunk a million times.”

And here come the party poopers...

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April 21, 2008

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Sea floor claims madness - April 21, 2008

sea-floor GETTY.BMPIt’s all go for people claiming the sea floor.

First off: Australia has become the the first country to successfully claim an extension of its rights to all the oil, gas and crabs around its shores. The UN has accepted its 2004 submission that its rights should go beyond the standard 200 nautical miles.

“I am pleased to announce that Australia, the largest island in the world, has just been dramatically increased in size,” says Resources Minister Martin Ferguson (various, eg The Age). The Sydney Morning Herald reports this under the headline .Australia gets bigger and richer’. (Map of the new area.)

Getting any fossil fuel goodness out of the sea floor could be tricky though. “These are the more remote areas,” Mark Allcock of Geoscience Australia told AAP. “Everybody likes to get to the easy stuff and it is the difficult stuff that you go to later. This is the more difficult stuff.”

Over in Russia, a new expedition has set off to gather more evidence for a claim to the floor under the Arctic (see Nature feature).

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Space ship crash landing - April 21, 2008

soyuz undock NASA TV.jpgA Russian Soyuz capsule landed nearly 500 kilometres off course on Saturday.

Most reports say American Peggy Whitson, Ukrainian Yuri Malenchenko and Korean So-yeon Yi were unhurt. However the Korea Times later reported that Yi had been taken to hospital to recover.

The Soyuz seems to have come into Earth’s atmosphere at a steeper-than-planned angle, a so-called ballistic descent. According to Space.com such ballistic descents are not unknown. Soyuz experienced similar problems before, for example in last year and in 2003. A number of reports note that this would have subjected the astronauts to higher than planned G-forces and caused the capsule to land way off target (eg PA, NASA press release).

It also meant it took rescuers a while to get to the crash site, where a Reuters cameraman described seeing a smoking capsule with its side 30 cm deep in the earth and its parachute aflame.

“Don’t be late next time, please,” Yi said (Korea Times).

Exactly what caused this problem, and the similar previous problems, is not entirely clear. With all the money spent on space you’d think they could land on target. It’s not exactly rocket science. Oh, wait...

Image: the Soyuz shortly after undocking / NASA TV

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‘World’s oldest tree’ found in Sweden - April 21, 2008

oldest tree.jpgA Swedish university last week announced the discovery of the ‘world’s oldest living tree’, a 9,550 year old spruce. This is far older than previous record holders, says Umeaa University, which were North American pines dated to around 4,500 years ago.

Researchers found wood from four generations of spruces in the Dalarna province and dated these to 375, 5,660, 9,000 and 9,550 years old. These remains have the same genetic makeup as the trees above them, says the university (press release, news coverage).

However the press release notes that “Since spruce trees can multiply with root penetrating braches, they can produce exact copies, or clones. ... Although summers have been colder over the past 10,000 years, these trees have survived harsh weather conditions due to their ability to push out another trunk as the other one died.”

This makes me wonder if there isn’t a classification argument here, and whether this really counts as the world’s oldest tree.

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April 18, 2008

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Weekly round up  - April 18, 2008

What’s been on The Great Beyond this week and a few extras...

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Singing for someone else’s supper - April 18, 2008

babbler RADFORD.jpgBirds in Africa post their fellow warblers on sentry duty where they sing a song of reassurance to their foraging friends, researchers report.

One pied babbler gives a distinctive watchman’s song, which makes other birds more comfortable in their feeding, the researchers from the UK’s University of Bristol discovered.

“These exciting results point to a great example of true cooperation,” says Andy Radford (press release). “The unselfish behaviour of the sentry is probably rewarded down the line by the improved survival of group mates, which leads to a larger group size. This increases the sentinel’s chances of survival when the group is under attack from predators or having to repel rivals from their territory.”

Radford’s team found that birds who heard recordings of the watchman’s song spent less time looking for predators and spread out more widely. This meant that they caught more food, the team showed.

The pied babblers used in the study are accustomed to researchers so they could be closely observed when foraging. They are, in fact, so well trained that they fly to researchers in response to a whistle and weigh themselves on a set of scales. If only they could write research papers too….

The research has been published in Current Biology.

Press coverage
Birds smart enough to stand guard, say scientists at University of Bristol – The Times
Birds post a sentry when foraging for food – The Daily Telegraph

Image: pied babbler / Andy Radford

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Rare turtle found in Vietnam - April 18, 2008

swinhoei turtle.jpgA turtle that was thought to have gone extinct in the wild has been discovered living in a Vietnamese river.

Researchers spent three years searching the Red River in northern Vietnam before finding the only known wild specimen of Swinhoe’s soft-shell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei, also called Yangtze giant soft-shell turtles).

“This is an incredibly important discovery because the Swinhoe’s turtle is one of the most critically endangered species of turtle in the world,” says Doug Hendrie, coordinator of the Asian Turtle Program at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, which sponsored the Vietnam survey (press release). “This species has legendary status among the people of Vietnam, so this is perhaps an opportunity for the legend to live on.”

The BBC says some are sceptical of the find as “the creature could be a member of a much more common, similar-looking species”.

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Brazil's president defends biofuels - April 18, 2008

lula.jpgBrazil’s president has defended biofuels at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s meeting in Brasilia.

Although biofuels have been criticised for driving up food prices and not actually bringing much environmental benefit, it seems President ‘Lula’ (Luiz Inacio da Silva), is a big fan. This post is quite quote-heavy because that man really knows how to give good soundbite.

“Biofuels aren’t the villain that threatens food security,” he said (various, eg WSJ).

And to the UN’s rapporteur for the right to food, who said that biofuel production is a crime against humanity, Lula responded: “The real crime against humanity would be to just cast aside biofuels and push countries struggling with food and energy shortages towards dependency and insecurity.” (English from AFP, Portuguese from Globo).

Western subsidies are actually to blame, he said. “Don’t tell me, for the love of God, that food is expensive because of biodiesel. Food is expensive because the world wasn’t prepared to see millions of Chinese, Indians, Africans, Brazilians and Latin Americans eat” (Reuters).

Lula seems to think there is enough land for food and fuel. “It is important to come here and put your feet in the mud to see how the people live, the amount of land, and the potential for production we have,” he said (O Estadao de S. Paulo).

Image: Lula / Ricardo Stuckert/PR

April 17, 2008

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Today’s pretty space picture - April 17, 2008

April space pic NASA.jpg

This composite image of the Southern Pinwheel galaxy is almost too perfect. It looks like the cover from a gaudy sci-fi novel rather than combined ultra violet data from some very expensive pieces of kit.

The main spiral is the pink and blue section. In the outer arms (the red bits) stars are forming. This region is along way from the centre of the galaxy and rather empty. Until the initial discovery of stars in these regions in 2005 it was thought not enough material existed there to create stars. These stars may help us understand star formation in the early universe, when there were fewer heavier elements and less dust.

“Even with today’s most powerful telescopes, it is extremely difficult to study the first generation of star formation. These new observations provide a unique opportunity to study how early generation stars might have formed,” says Mark Seibert of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Pasadena.

Press release.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/VLA/MPIA

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Why fished fish fluctuate - April 17, 2008

fishing boat NOAA.jpgOther media are taking quite a lot of interest in a Nature paper on fish stocks which suggests that a great deal of fishing policy is wrong headed

Using records of fish larvae researchers attempted to discern why fished populations fluctuate more than un-fished populations. Their conclusion: the problem is we take all the big fish.

And current fishing policies often specify a minimum size, below which things must be put back in the ocean.

“That type of regulation, which we see in many sport fisheries, is exactly wrong,” says George Sugihara, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. “It’s not the young ones that should be thrown back, but the larger, older fish that should be spared.”

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Nasa beats German teen (at maths) - April 17, 2008

apophis NASA.jpgNasa has crushed the teenage dreams of a young German by rubbishing claims that he detected an error in its asteroid collision calculations.

A number of press sources ran with a story from the Potsdamer Neuerster Nachrichten that Nico Marquardt calculated there is a 1 in 450 chance the Apophis asteroid will smash Earth, a chance Nasa puts at 1 in 45,000. These stories even claimed that Nasa had told the European Space Agency Marquardt was right.

But NASA says:

Contrary to recent press reports, NASA offices involved in near-Earth object research were not contacted and have had no correspondence with a young German student, who claims the Apophis impact probability is far higher than the current estimate.

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Darwin Archive evolves - April 17, 2008

quizdarwin.JPGDarwin’s private papers have been placed online for the first time. You can now read why he thought a wife was better than a dog.

The Darwin Online project, which has been making his work available for years, says this is the “largest ever publication of Darwin papers and manuscripts”. In total 20,000 items have been added to the website. The new additions include Darwin’s first musing on evolution by natural selection and drafts for Descent of Man, as well as more day-to-day documents such as Emma Darwin’s recipe book*.

“His papers reveal how immensely detailed his researches were. The family has always wanted Darwin's papers and manuscripts to be available to anyone who wants to read them,” says John van Wyhe, the man running the archive (BBC). “The fact that everyone around the world can now see them on the web is simply fantastic.”

The Daily Telegraph notes that the collection now includes Darwin’s classic musing on marriage:

Reasons for not marrying: freedom to go where one liked; choice of Society & little of it. - Conversation of clever men at clubs - Not forced to visit relatives, & to bend in every trifle. - to have the expense & anxiety of children - perhaps quarrelling - Loss of time. - cannot read in the Evenings - fatness & idleness - Anxiety & responsibility - less money for books.

[Reasons for:] Children - (if it Please God) - Constant companion, (& friend in old age) who will feel interested in one, - object to be beloved & played with. - better than a dog anyhow.

You old romantic Charles.

*I will be attempting her ‘Irish Charlotte’ this weekend. Stay tuned to see how it goes...

Image: Nature

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Inquiry over sewage spreading experiment - April 17, 2008

baltimore NASA VE.jpgA US Senate committee is to hold hearings into a controversial experiment that involved spreading sewage sludge onto lawns in poor, black neighbourhoods.

In another development, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has called for criminal prosecutions over the experiment, conducted by Johns Hopkins university and the Department of Agriculture in 2000. It was designed to test whether spreading treated sewage around houses could bind to lead in the soil.

Spreading of processed waste is widespread in the US. In addition, lead in poor neighbourhoods is a big problem

The experiment was a success in terms of reducing the availability of lead. “Compost offers great promise for people to help themselves protect their children at low cost,” says the outcome report (released in 2005).

However it’s been less of a public relations success. And after Sunday’s AP story publicised the study the Environmental and Public Works committee is getting involved.

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April 16, 2008

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Bush waxes aspirational on climate - April 16, 2008

Posted on behalf of Jeff Tollefson:

The media has been abuzz for days with speculation about whether President George W. Bush would seek to rescue his environmental legacy today by taking a bold new stance on global warming. The answer would appear to be no.

In a 20-minute speech that set the stage for the latest White House climate talks this week in Paris, the president outlined a “goal” of halting the growth in US greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. Notably absent was a proposal for accomplishing said goal.

Already a veritable pariah within the international climate community, Bush was quickly derided among environmentalists and Democrats for simply restating “aspirational goals” and his technology-first approach to the problem. In anticipation of the event, one Democratic blogger even revived and amended a drinking game in which a shot is taken each time Bush said the word “technology.” For today's speech, that would mean 12 shots. Adding bonus shots for each mention of the word "goal" brings that total to 26.

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Archaeologists have trouble counting - April 16, 2008

MachuPicchu.jpgThe Peruvian government is claiming that Yale has ten times as many artefacts from the Machu Picchu site as previously believed.

Last year we noted that Yale had agreed Peru was the rightful owner of artefacts sent to it from the Inca site by Hiram Bingham. Then it was believed this was around 4,000 items.

Now Peruvian politician Hernan Garrido Lecca, says his investigators have found 40,000 artefacts at Yale (various, eg Reuters).

Yale says this isn’t a serious disagreement and is all down to how you count. “We’re talking about the same inventory we shared with them last month,” says spokesman Tom Conroy (Fox).

Richard Burger, the Yale archaeologist responsible the 4,000 items number, told the Yale Daily News. “Counting is complicated. Do you count lots or do you count every piece? There may be tens of thousands of objects if you count each finger bone in a skeleton.”

Yale and Peru are still settling exactly how the 4,000 or 40,000 items will be returned. Some will remain at the university for research, some will form part of a touring exhibition and other will go to a permanent museum in Peru.

The Incas themselves had an intriguing counting system that used knots on string rather than writing. Read more.

Image: Machu Picchu by Allard Schmidt / via WikiMedia

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Canada blocks American space takeover - April 16, 2008

radarsat-2 CSA.jpgThe world’s nicest nation™ has finally found something to get wound up about. Canada’s government has triggered a row by blocking a US company’s attempt to take over its biggest space-tech company.

MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates, builder of the megalomaniac Dextre space robot, was to be sold for $1.3 billion to Alliant Techsystems (who seem to be called ATK these days). As the Toronto Star notes, “It was a high-stakes decision, because the space division of MacDonald Dettwiler includes Radarsat-2, a unique radar imaging satellite designed to protect Canada’s sovereignty and built with the help of $445 million in Canadian taxpayers’ money.”

But the government has decided the takeover is not “likely to be of net benefit to Canada” (AFP). The Register thinks this is all about Radarsat-2, which the government currently has free access to imagery from.


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Sea level rise 'threatens millions' - April 16, 2008

sea-floor GETTY.BMPThe world’s seas could rise far faster than the UN is predicting, according to research presented to this week’s European Geosciences Union meeting. If this work is right, millions of people are living on what will soon be sea floor.

Svetlana Jevrejeva, from the UK’s Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, thinks we could see rises of 1 to 1.5 metres by 2100. By contrast the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has predicted only a 28 to 43 cm rise by 2100.

Nature’s Quirin Schiermeier is blogging the conference at In the Field*:

Jevrejeva and her team reconstructed seal levels for the past 2,000 years, and then used a non- linear equation relating sea levels to temperature change to predict future sea level rise. Unlike the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), whose most recent prediction of sea level rise is three times smaller, the team incorporated into their prediction the rapid response to global warming of large ice sheets, such as Greenland’s.
...
The global sea level currently rises by 3.5 millimetres per year, as the combined result of thermal expansion of ocean water, glacier melting, and changes in the global hydrological cycle. Sea level rise by 1.5 meters would result in the loss of most of Bangladesh, and threaten low-lying regions around the world. In China alone, some 100 million people would need to be displaced if sea level were to rise by one meter or more.

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Riveting science from the Titanic - April 16, 2008

titanic 2 detail NOAA.jpgA number of headlines today will surprise those who thought an iceberg sank the Titanic. ‘Low-grade rivets sank Titanic, claim scientists’, says one example.

What Jennifer Hooper McCarty and Timothy Foecke are actually claiming is that duff rivets used to hold bits of the ship together meant it sinking faster than it should have done. If the Titanic’s builder had used better materials, they argue, it would have stayed afloat longer after hitting the ’berg, allowing rescuers to arrive.

In their new book McCarty and Foecke say that builder Harland and Wolff used iron rather than steel rivets for key sections of the bow and stern. The bow is where the iceberg hit and Foecke tells the New York Times that damage “ends close to where the rivets transition from iron to steel”.

Foecke also says the iron used was not rivet quality, based on documents from Harland and Wolff and from analysis of rivets recovered from the wreck.

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April 15, 2008

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Brace yourself for the big one California - April 15, 2008

earthquake probs detail.pngCalifornia residents would be well advised to check their insurance policies following the latest predictions from the US Geological Survey (click the picture for a full size map).

A snazzy new model which, for the first time, allows statewide earthquake probability forecasts says a 6.7 or above magnitude quake is “more than 99%” likely over the next 30 years (press release).

“The sobering thing to me is we’ve never seen anything like a 99 percent probability before. That’s not a number we throw around a lot,” says Tom Parsons, a seismologist with the USGS (San Jose Mercury).

Over the same 30 year period, a 7.5 or above quake is 46% likely. SoCal is more likely to get hit than NoCal by such a quake, according to the model.

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Elephants’ aquatic ancestor - April 15, 2008

aquatic elephant ancestor.jpgElephants share a common aquatic ancestor with manatees and dugongs, according to a paper released in PNAS.

“It has often been assumed that elephants have evolved from fully terrestrial ancestors and have always had this kind of a lifestyle,” says one of the study’s authors, Erik Seiffert of the Stony Brook University, New York (BBC). “Now we can really start to think about how their lifestyle and behaviour might have been shaped by a very different kind of existence in the distant past.”

Seiffert and colleagues analysed the composition of teeth from early elephant Moeritherium and appear to have confirmed previous suspicions that it was amphibious. “We now have substantial evidence to suggest that modern elephants do have ancient relatives which lived primarily in water,” says fellow author Alexander Liu, of the University of Oxford (press release).

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Somebody clean this mess up - April 15, 2008

We’ve really made a mess of space. Recently released by the European Space Agency, these images show the trackable objects in orbit round Earth (apart from the Moon, obviously).

trackable ESA.jpg

Since Sputnik in 1957 and the start of this year we’ve put around 6,000 satellites into orbit, according to the agency. Around 800 are currently operational, which leaves a lot of junk.

“Space debris comprise the ever-increasing amount of inactive space hardware in orbit around the Earth as well as fragments of spacecraft that have broken up, exploded or otherwise become abandoned,” says ESA. “About 50 percent of all trackable objects are due to in-orbit explosion events (about 200) or collision events (less than 10).”

More images below the fold

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April 14, 2008

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RIP John Archibald Wheeler - April 14, 2008

Physicist John Wheeler died on Sunday aged 96.

“For me, he was the last Titan, the only physics superhero still standing,” says Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (NY Times).

His description of General Relativity remains one of the best there is: "mass tells space how to curve, space tells mass how to move".

Daniel Holz worked with Wheeler and has written a wonderful tribute at the Cosmic Variance blog. On Wheeler’s work he notes:

He did foundational work on quantum mechanics, collaborating with Niels Bohr on some of the earliest work in nuclear fission. He invented the S-matrix. He played important roles in both the Manhattan project (atomic bomb) and the Matterhorn project (Hydrogen bomb). He made major contributions to general relativity, co-authoring with Charlie Misner and Kip Thorne the bible of the field. He was legendary for his way with words, coining such terms as wormholes, quantum foam, black holes, and the wave function of the Universe (the Wheeler-DeWitt equation). He trained generations of students; one of his first was Richard Feynman.

He also notes what he was like as a person, with this my favourite detail:

He would always take the stairs. (‘ No time to wait for an elevator!’) He would hook his arm into the banisters, and swing around, practically leaping from one flight to the next. This was 1990; Wheeler was 79 years old.

More tributes below the fold as they come in.

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It’s World Homeopathy Awareness Week! - April 14, 2008

homeopathy GETTY.JPGWe’re now in the middle of World Homeopathy Awareness Week (don’t worry if you hadn’t noticed – apparently it works better if the attention paid to it is so small as to be hardly there at all).

“Homeopathic remedies can be of use at the moment of injury as First Aid and also for long- term injuries that cause complications such as stiffening of joints and enduring pain,” says Indrani Meier, vice chair of the World Homeopathic Awareness Organization.

Sceptics of the world are being, well, sceptical about this. Strangely searching for people writing about ‘World Homeopathy Awareness Week’ throws up more sceptics than homeopathy supporters.

Round up below the fold...

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Earthquake swarm mystery - April 14, 2008

earthquakeswarm edit.jpgA strange swarm of earthquakes has been detected off the western coast of the United States. Such swarms are normally triggered by seismic activity, but there’s the rub –or rather the lack of it. This swarm is quite a long way from the local plate boundaries.

More than 600 ’quakes have been detected in the last couple of weeks, with three of 5.0 or higher.

“In the 17 years we’ve been monitoring the ocean through hydrophone recordings, we’ve never seen a swarm of earthquakes in an area such as this. We’re not certain what it means,” says Robert Dziak, a marine geologist at Oregon State University (press release, news coverage from AP, the Eugene Register-Guard, The Oregonian).

Dziak would like to divert a research ship and pick up some water samples from the swarm area. This could help determine whether the earthquakes are being triggered by tectonic or hydrothermal causes.

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April 11, 2008

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Weekly round up  - April 11, 2008

What’s been on The Great Beyond this week and a few extras...

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Jellies ‘were first animal’ - April 11, 2008

comb_jelly1_h.jpgAlthough it’s the Nature piece on use of cognitive enhancers by academics that is getting all the press, there’s another cool story from Nature this week that deserves more attention than it’s getting. By crunching a huge amount of genetic data, a research team has redrawn the tree of life.

By looking at sequence tags from 29 animals they worked out their evolutionary history. Surprisingly, the oldest animal isn’t the simple sponge; it’s something rather more complex: the comb jelly (this is covered only by LiveScience as far as I can tell).

“This was a complete shocker,” says study leader Casey Dunn, of Brown University (press release). “So shocking that we initially thought something had gone very wrong.”

There are two ways, Dunn says, that the comb jelly could have beaten the sponge to primacy. It could have evolved its complex nature independent of other animals or the sponge could have evolved from more complex animals (diagram). Other people crunching through genetics though think the evidence stacks up for sponges (see this recent article from National Geographic).

tree of life.jpg

Other stuff from Nature: tell us what you want to read.

Image top: comb jelly / Casey Dunn
Image lower: Zina Deretsky, NSF

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Party like it's 1961 - April 11, 2008

On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin followed in the footsteps of monkeys, dogs and even frogs by becoming the first human to voyage into space.

With the Cold War at its bitter height, it was a spectacular triumph for the Soviets, and a kick in the teeth to the United States, which put its first citizen into orbit less than a month later.

If the Americans were bitter at the time, it seems they've got over it now — in fact the anniversary of Gagarin's voyage is now a big excuse for a global party, called Yuri's night.

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UN: climate change behind ‘food crisis’ - April 11, 2008

rice paddy no credit.JPGIt’s become increasingly clear that there is a growing problem of food shortages across the world. And climate change is in the frame again.

“Climate change will impose great stresses on the world’s ability to feed ever growing populations,” warns Kandeh Yumkella, director-general of the UN International Development Organisation (press release). “This challenge brings new threats to arable land areas, livestock rearing and fisheries through droughts, water shortages and pollution of land, air and sea.”

Adding to the problem of rising food prices are increased use of biofuels, higher consumption and increased transport costs.

Last month the FT revealed that the UN’s World Food Programme was begging for $500 million to deal with a ‘food crisis’ (pdf). Now we’ve got a full blown crisis, with problems in India and Bangladesh, riots over rice in Haiti and Africa, and Thai farmers guarding their rice paddys to prevent theft.

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Strewth mate! Climate change is ruining me bevies! - April 11, 2008

alcohol PUNCHSTOCK.JPGNew Zealanders are facing up to a serious climate change problem this week.

According to Jim Salinger, a scientist at the kiwi’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, a warmer New Zealand could mean less malting barley production. And that means less beer.

“It will mean either there will be pubs without beer or the cost of beer will go up,” he warns (New Zealand Herald).

It’s not just New Zealand that’s in trouble. Australian production in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales will also suffer (The Southland Times).

“Most areas in Australia where malting barley is cropped are likely to experience producing declines,” says Salinger (Herald Sun).

Worried New Zealanders can always brew their own beer, perhaps in a giant model of Futurama’s Bender robot.

As the Slashdot headline notes Climate Change Finally Impacts Important Industry. The comments here are the usual entertaining read.

Salinger made his remarks at The Institute of Brewing and Distilling convention in Auckland.

Image: Punch Stock

April 10, 2008

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Hurricane seer sees more storms, and more criticism - April 10, 2008

hurricane waves NOAA.jpgAmericans can expect more hurricanes than normal this year, according to predictions from William Gray, who has been forecasting tropical storms at Colorado State University for 25 years.

Gray’s team expect eight hurricanes and seven lesser ‘named storms’, mainly down to warm water temperatures. Of the hurricanes four will likely become serious category 3 to 5 beasts. A normal average year would see are 9.6 named storms, 5.9 hurricanes and 2.3 intense hurricanes per year (press release).

But some of the US papers point out that these numbers can be interpreted in lots of ways.

The Orlando Sentinel quotes “a vocal critic of the outlooks”, Western Carolina University coastal geologist Rob Young: “The primary problem I have with these forecasts is they contain no actionable information. If Gray’s team or NOAA predicts 15 storms instead of 12, what are you supposed to do different?”

He adds, “But the flip side is, the forecasts have been so bad over the past few years, they've actually done harm. When scientists are very publicly wrong over and over, it undermines the whole field.”

NOAA is downplaying its own predictions, due in May, with National Hurricane Center Director Bill Read saying recently, “Don’t hype the forecast” (Palm Beach Post).

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Spain faces worst drought in years - April 10, 2008

drought-crakced-earthGETTY.JPGThe rain in Spain falls mainly ... oh wait ... not anymore it doesn’t. Things aren’t looking good as the Iberian peninsula faces the worst drought in nearly half a century.

“Our farmers are looking skyward every day waiting for rain. The situation is severe and could deteriorate soon,” says Stephan Roetzer, chief executive of SanLucar Fruit company in Valencia (Wall Street Journal; subscription required).

Spain’s ruling party the PSOE says it’s not their fault; it’s climate change (Europa Press).

The WSJ says it’s the worst drought in 60 years. The Times says ‘over 40’, and adds that different regions are now fighting over water resources. The paper says Catalonia and Aragón are at loggerheads over the former’s plan to divert water from the River Segre to Barcelona.

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Pretty space pic: a Martian moon - April 10, 2008

There was much cooing in the Nature office this morning. Not over news of our colleague’s new baby, but over these pictures of Martian moon Phobos.

hirise.jpg

The HiRISE camera aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter snapped these pictures of Phobos on March 23.

“Images from previous spacecraft have been of smaller pixel scale ..., but the HiRISE images have greater signal-to-noise, making the new data some of the best ever for Phobos,” says the team behind the shots (see more photos here).

If you want to get involved you will soon be able to suggest where HiRISE should be pointed next, on the NASA website.

The Bad Astronomy blog highlights some more of the good stuff that HiRISE has come up with:

The crater Stickney on the right is huge compared to the moon; if the impactor had been any bigger or moving faster it would have shattered the moon. The long parallel grooves were probably formed as stress fractures in the impact. Check out the awesome image of the crater itself. Wow.

And if that’s not enough, pull out your red/green glasses and take a gander at the 3D anaglyph they made. The tiny craters really stand out… uh, I mean, stand in. Whatever. They’re cool, so take a look.

Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

April 09, 2008

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The wrath of Khan - April 09, 2008

After years under house arrest, Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan is finally speaking out about his life as a nuclear smuggler.

The father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb spoke up in recent interviews--mainly with Pakistan's local press--but also with the AFP and UPI.

Kahn's been under detention since 2004, after he was found to be at the centre of what is probably the largest nuclear smuggling ring in history. The 'Khan network' stretched from Malaysia to Germany and supplied technology and equipment to nuclear upstarts such as Iran and Libya (though Libya has since abandoned its nuclear ambitions).

Western governments see Khan's imprisonment as justified given his proliferating tendencies, but in interviews Khan himself seems to see things differently. He told the AFP that his detention is a ruse to cover-up the misdeeds of others, possibly officials within the government, which has so far avoided being linked to Khan's operation. "I confessed and took the whole blame on myself."

A newly elected Parliament now seems poised to pardon Khan, who is seen across Pakistan as a national hero. Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi echoed the views of many to the Dawn, a Pakistani news channel: "I think he should be allowed to have a meal at a restaurant."

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UN enlists Google in refugee work - April 09, 2008

Google UNHCR.bmpThe UN has teamed up with Google to bring the reality of refugees a bit closer to home.

Details of refugee work in Darfur, Colombia and Iraq have been put into a new set of overlays for the Google Earth programme – which allows users to browse a virtual globe made up of satellite photos (for more uses of Google Earth, see this blog from Nature’s Declan Butler).

“In 2008, we are going to spread around the world and try and capture all of the major sites and make sure that they are all available so that people can see what the actual situation is on the ground,” says L. Craig Johnstone, the UN deputy high commissioner for refugees (press release). “It will make it possible to bring that suffering to people, so people can understand where the responsibilities actually are.”

The overlays show three levels of detail: an overview of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and its work in the three regions; a closer view of camps and refugee communities; and a super close up right down to schools and water points in specific camps.

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Creationist act passes another hurdle  - April 09, 2008

florida.jpgAn act designed to allow the teaching of creationism in schools passed a major hurdle in Florida yesterday.

The ‘Evolution Academic Freedom Act.’ was approved by seven votes to three by the Florida Senate Judiciary Committee, and should now progress to the state’s full Senate.

The bill promotes what it calls “a right to present scientific information relevant to the full range of views on biological and chemical evolution”. It further states that it does not promote any religious doctrine.

But many of its opponents think it’s another stealth attempt to allow creationist ideas into science classes. If it’s really about academic freedom, the argument runs, why is it just limited to evolution? And the people behind it have something of a history of religiously motivated politicking.

As the Tampa Tribune puts it nicely: “Not free, just dumb.”

One of the ‘no’ votes came from Senate Democratic leader Steve Geller. “I believe the purpose of this bill is to let people bring their religious beliefs into school,” he says (Florida Sun Sentinel). “We need to keep the wall.”

Earlier this year Florida voted to make teaching of evolution required course work in public schools (see this Great Beyond post). Last month many of those behind the pro-evolution standards railed against the supposed academic freedom bill, according to the Orlando Sentinel, saying is was “a subterfuge for injecting the religious beliefs held by some into the science classroom”.

For a sense of where the act is coming from, take a look at where it, well, came from: a creationist website.

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Amber spider-glass - April 09, 2008

Harvestman in amber NHM.JPG

About 40 million years ago this arachnid went out for a walk and made the mistake of blundering into amber.

It is only the second example of Dicranopalpus ramiger, a type of harvestman rather than a true spider, to be acquired by London’s Natural History Museum (press release).

“Complete harvestmen are rare finds. It’s more common to find just the legs in amber, where a trapped leg or two were sacrificed so the harvestman could escape the sticky resin, says Andrew Ross, the museum’s fossil invertebrates expert.

“This is a particularly impressive example because all its legs are present and still attached to the body.”

The bug was noticed by Terence Collingwood, who runs a fossil shop in Rochester. “I buy bulk lots of amber to sell, and I have to search through them carefully looking for unusual items that other people may have missed,” he explains. “Finding this was pure chance, but I realised straight away that it was something special.”

More on this from the BBC.

Image: copyright NHM

April 08, 2008

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Human to human bird flu transmission - April 08, 2008

chicken-couppunchstock.JPGA minor storm has erupted over a new paper in the Lancet detailing human to human transmission of bird flu in China. The 24 year old son died, while his 52 year old father survived.

However there’s no need to panic just yet.

“It is not normal social contact that has led to the human transmission,” Jeremy Farrar, a researcher at Vietnam’s Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology told AFP. “In this case it took extensive exposure to secretions of somebody who was very sick in hospital.”

The BBC notes that in a Lancet editorial released with the paper on the new cases Farrar seems worried about the bird flu problem in general. “Whatever the underlying determinants, if we continue to experience widespread, uncontrolled outbreaks of H5N1 in poultry, the appearance of strains well adapted to human beings might just be matter of time,” he says.

This is not the first case of suspected human to human transmission (see Bird flu may have passed between humans, Nature 2004; Large bird flu cluster emerges, Nature 2007, for example).

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‘Vulcan’ shows carbon dioxide’s death-grip - April 08, 2008

American researchers have used a neat trick to produce a map of carbon dioxide emissions which is 100 times more detailed than previous efforts.

Instead of using monthly state data on carbon dioxide the team behind the new system – called Vulcan – went to data on carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and other air pollution. This is collected all over the US on an hourly basis. With a knowledge of atmospheric chemistry and a bit of number crunching you can work out from these pollutants how much carbon dioxide was probably around.

This video shows various outputs from Vulcan:

And the new system has thrown up a few surprises.

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Heated row over cooling article - April 08, 2008

globe_west_540redNASA VE.jpgThe BBC is facing allegations that it altered a news story about climate at the behest of an activist. A series of emails from BBC reporter Roger Harrabin and activist Jo Abbess were posted on the Campaign Against Climate Change website on April 4th. After a series of back and forths Harrabin writes “Have a look in 10 minutes and tell me you are happier. ... We have changed headline and more”. The original headline - Global Warming ‘dips this year’ – changed to the current Global Temperatures ‘to decrease’. Needless to say as soon as these emails were noticed they were picked up by unhappy sceptic bloggers (here, here and here for example). The BBC told us:
A minor change was made to the "Global temperatures 'to decrease'" piece on our website to better reflect the science. A few people including the report's authors, the world meteorlogical organisation, pointed out to us that the earlier version had been ambiguous.

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April 07, 2008

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US search engine permits ‘Abortion’ searches - April 07, 2008

popline two.bmpIn a remarkable victory for common sense a US government funded health website is allowing users to search for articles about ‘abortion’.

Wired last week revealed that Popline had “quietly begun to block searches on the word ‘abortion,’ concealing nearly 25,000 search results”. The website claims to be “the world’s largest database on reproductive health” and is run by Johns Hopkins university’s Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Last week it appeared to be backtracking rapidly, as late on Friday consecutive searches by one of my colleagues revealed a steadily climbing number of hits for a search on ‘abortion’. It’s now up to over 26,000, still some way below PubMed’s 64,000.

Michael Klag, dean of the Bloomberg School, gave this explanation (statement):

USAID, which funds POPLINE, found two items in the database related to abortion that did not fit POPLINE criteria. The agency then made an inquiry to POPLINE administrators. Following this inquiry, the POPLINE administrators at the Center for Communication Programs made the decision to restrict abortion as a search term.

I could not disagree more strongly with this decision, and I have directed that the POPLINE administrators restore "abortion" as a search term immediately. I will also launch an inquiry to determine why this change occurred.

Image: screen grab of Popline

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First success for US pro-research group - April 07, 2008

A newly established pro-animal research group in the United States has won its first victory, of sorts. ‘Speaking of Research’ has made PETA nervous enough that employees of the animal rights organisation have signed up to the SoR Facebook group.

This is despite SoR’s low key launch last month not really getting a huge amount of media coverage (including from me, hangs head in shame). Maybe they should have got some naked supermodels to back them for five minutes before changing their minds; that worked well for PETA when they wanted some free publicity.

Speaking of Research’s blog notes, “one must wonder why PETA staff are joining a group which is somewhat incompatible with their own organization’s views. Perhaps they are finally realizing that animal research is crucial for the future of modern medicine, but, unfortunately, I doubt it.”

The group has been set up by Tom Holder, who led a UK version called Pro-Test (press release).

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Koalas threatened by ‘leather leaves’ - April 07, 2008

koalaGETTY.BMPPersonally I’m becoming a little inured to stories about climate change killing off species.

There’s also an issue that it’s easier to write the ‘cute thing might disappear’ than to follow up later with a conclusive answer. (See Andrew Revikin’s recent blog on frogs for more on this; John Fleck thinks it may in part be Nature’s fault.)

With that in mind this story should be caveated by saying there doesn’t seem to be a peer-reviewed paper behind it. It’s ticked all the other boxes for media coverage though: cute animal, concerned scientists, slow news week...

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$50bn AIDS funding passes first hurdle - April 07, 2008

AIDS NIH.JPGThe US House of Representatives voted on Wednesday to push $50 billion into tackling AIDS, TB and malaria in the developing world over the next five years.

Reuters and the LA Times report the bill passed by 308 votes to 116. A press release from one of the bill’s backers calls it at 306 to 116. In the UK, the Guardian calls it at 308 to 166, even though there are only 435 representatives in the House. The official record goes with Reuters, or vice versa.

Anyway, it passed.

More important than this number crunching is the fact the bill would more than triple the amount currently authorized for the Bush-backed initiative. The bill would also remove the stipulation that a third of funds must be spend on abstinence education, although it contains a requirement for “balanced funding” of “abstinence, delay of sexual debut, monogamy, fidelity and partner reduction”.

In a generally positive editorial, the LA Times notes,

Now, if a program spends less than half of its budget for preventing sexual transmission on abstinence efforts, it has to send a report to Congress justifying the decision. That could have a chilling effect on programs that would rather spend the money on condoms but don't want to risk having their funds cut off by conservative lawmakers.

Not everyone backed the bill, with some representatives trying to slash the amount of money pledged to $15 billion. Other are annoyed over the continued presence of abstinence funding.

Now a similar bill has to pass in the Senate.

Reaction below the fold...

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April 04, 2008

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Weekly round up - April 04, 2008

What’s been on The Great Beyond this week and a few extras...

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Results of our quiz are in... - April 04, 2008

quizdarwin.JPGPrompted by shenanigans involving rowdy biologists and the inability of certain creationists to identify said biologists, we set a quiz last week (full shenanigans story and quiz).

We asked you to match six pictures to six names, to see who the most recognised warrior in the Darwin Wars is. Thanks to the 6,500 or so readers who took part.

Results below the fold...

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Cleaning up shipping lanes - April 04, 2008

ship ALAMY.JPGThe International Maritime Organization (IMO), a United Nations agency that oversees shipping, is poised to tighten sulphur standards for marine fuels. A new cap on sulphur in marine fuels of 0.5% (5000 parts per million) will be in placed by 2020, and control areas with limits of up to 0.1% by 2015. The current cap, set in 1997, is at 4.5%.

The cap is undoubtedly good news for the world's oceans. Pervious work, some of it in this journal, has shown that sulphur emissions cause cloud formation over shipping lanes, altering the local climate. More pressingly, sulphur particles frequently blow onshore, where people inhale them. The emissions could contribute to as many as 80,000 premature deaths by 2012 according to one recent study.

The cap doesn't go far enough, according João Vieira, of Transport and Environment, a Brussels-based non-profit. He claims that shipping fuels will still be 500 times more polluting than road fuels. Vieira hopes that Europe will place the strictest limits in its waters.

But getting fuels much cleaner might be impractical, adds Eelco Leamons of the North Sea Foundation, a Dutch charity. He suggests other mitigation methods, such as requiring ships to use onshore power while they're in port.

As is the way with international treaties, the final wording is being finalized at a painstakingly slow pace, but if all goes well, the new limits will be in force in another eight months or so.

Image: Alamy

April 03, 2008

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Oz kicks off carbon storage - April 03, 2008

geosequestration.jpgCross posted from Climate Feedback

Yesterday Australia saw the opening of the world's largest trial carbon storage plant (Sydney Morning Herald, BBC, Reuters), the construction of which was covered by Hannah Hoag in Nature Reports Climate Change last year. Since then, soaring costs have prompted the US to junk plans for its FutureGen clean coal power plant, and the down-under demo project is the most massive noncommercial carbon burial site to make it off the drawing board (this Nature News feature rounds up the other contenders as of 2006; subscription required).

For background on how natural rock formations are being used to trap carbon dioxide - and why environmentalists have called the plant a waste of time and money - check out Hannah's report.

Anna Barnett

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Peabody Award for evolution trial film - April 03, 2008

Congratulations to the team behind a documentary about the Tammy Kitzmiller vs Dover Area School District evolution teaching case, which has just won one of this year’s Peabody awards for journalism (press release, praise from blogs).

“The centerpiece of this thoughtful, topical edition of NOVA was the recreation, verbatim, of key testimony and argument from a six-week trial in Pennsylvania that served as a crash course in modern evolutionary theory, the evidence for evolution and the nature of science,” says the award citation.

A group of parents led by Kitzmiller took school authorities to court over the teaching of intelligent design as a science. They won.

In reviewing the documentary last year, Nature’s Adam Rutherford noted, “Judgment Day is just the sort of thoughtful programming that celebrates how sensible people — faithful and otherwise — can use science and reason to combat fundamentalism.”

He seems to have rather annoyed the creationist Discovery Institute in the process...

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‘Whacking Day’ for toads proposed - April 03, 2008

Cane toad.JPGAn Australian politician wants his state to dedicate a day for citizens to go outside and look for wildlife. But this will not be one of those hippy “appreciate the wonders of nature” days if Shane Knuth gets his way.

When residents of Queensland find what they’re looking for on their “Toad Day Out”, Knuth want them to kill it. This is, of course, the latest wheeze in the Australian human population’s ongoing eternal war with the CANE TOAD, an invasive species that has long wreaked havoc on the local wildlife.

“Basically we need ... a special day that Queenslanders, especially children, could all play their part, very similar to Clean Up Australia (Day),” he says (Australia’s Daily Telegraph). “The toad is probably the greatest environmental vermin and probably the most disgusting creature known to man.”*

Any toads collected on Toad Day Out would be put in a fridge, where they would loose feeling, before being finished off by a short stay in the freezer. Knuth does admit to previously despatching toads in a less human fashion, having “belted toads with whatever I could get my hands on” (Courier and Mail).

The RSPCA said it would back the day if people avoided such belting. “Obviously we’re not idiots - we understand a lot people will be highly reluctant to fill their fridges and freezers with dying cane toads, but at the moment that is the only humane way that we can recommend,” says a spokesman.

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Freaky flat-faced fish found - April 03, 2008

This strange beast is a new species of fish discovered off Indonesia. It is definitely an Anglerfish, according to Ted Pietsch, a University of Washington fishery sciences expert, despite lacking the lure that gives that group their name (press release).

flatfacefish.jpg

“As soon as I saw the photo I knew it had to be an anglerfish because of the leglike pectoral fins on its sides,” he says. “Only anglerfishes have crooked, leglike structures that they use to walk or crawl along the seafloor or other surfaces.”

Pietsch reckons the 10-cm long new species has avoided detection up to now by hiding in crevices. It was photographed by divers from the Maluku Divers company, who turned to Pietsch after being unable to ID it from guide books.

“What you usually see is variations of a fish you’ve seen before,” says the company’s co-owner Andy Shorten (Seattle PI). “We’ve never seen a fish with remotely this kind of face.”

An example of the beastie has now been captured says the Seattle PI, and will be subject to DNA testing to see how it relates to other anglerfish.

Image: M. Snyder, starknakedfish.com/divingmaluku.com

April 02, 2008

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Berkeley voyeurs spy on octopus lovin’ - April 02, 2008

octosexone.jpgThree scholars this week confessed to a repeatedly spying on in flagrante octopuses.

Biologists Christine Huffard, Roy Caldwell and Farnis Boneka snorkelled around multiple couples of Abdopus aculeatus and found they have far more complex mating behaviours that previously thought (press release, with videos).

These behaviours include “sneaker matings, mate guarding, sex-specific body patterns, frequent copulations, and male–male competition for mates” they write in Marine Biology. Or, as the press release puts it, “such sophisticated lovemaking tactics as flirting, passionate handholding and keeping rivals at arms’ length”.

I wasn’t aware that flirting and handholding counted as “sophisticated lovemaking tactics” in California, but nevermind.

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UK hybrid embryo: in perspective - April 02, 2008

The British press erupted last night with news that a team at Newcastle University has produced the UK’s first animal-human hybrids: embryos made with cow eggs and inserted human DNA (the Guardian has a comprehensive report).

Human-animal hybrid embryos have been made elsewhere before, although progress in the lab has been limited. Hui Sheng of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences published a report on rabbit-human hybrid embryos in 2003 (although that was tricky to get published; see this profile in Nature Medicine; paper in Cell Research), and others have since followed (there’s a great background briefing on the topic in the Guardian, published earlier this year). Such work is done simply because animal eggs are easier to obtain than human ones. It has not as yet progressed very far; hybrids have been made, but not much done with them.

This work is creating news because it is a UK first (albeit an as-yet-unpublished and un-peer-reviewed first – it was announced by the BBC rather than in a scientific report), and because the UK, often considered a world leader in embryology, is gearing up to have a parliamentary vote on new proposed human fertilisation and embryology legislation next month. There has been much in the news in recent weeks on dithering about how this vote will be taken - whether ministers will be able to vote ‘freely’ with their personal moral values, or have to follow party lines (this ended in a compromise; Press Association) - and how the catholic church is generally against it all (Press Association). The result will impact on hybrid embryo work in the future. So announcing a ‘success’ now may have political implications. It was well known that the lab had a license to do this work, that it was actively on the case, and that it’s possible, so their progress is not necessarily surprising.

New Scientist has attacked the group for announcing the achievement through the media rather than through a scientific publication. The Independent focuses on the ethical debate. Not many organisations outside the UK gave it any coverage at all, and those that did may have been under the impression that it was a world first, not mentioning previous achievements in the field (eg. Life Scientist, Australia).

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Stonehenge dig a threat to journalists  - April 02, 2008

stonehenge EH.JPGThe first excavation inside Stonehenge since 1964 is taking place right now. This is, of course, a great excuse to claim we soon know the truth of the mysterious stones.

The point of the latest dig is to work out when stones were first placed on the site, in a ‘Double Bluestone Circle’ of which no trace remains. The current iconic set of stones was re-erected later than this original circle and it is hoped that carbon dating, presumably of organic material found in the excavations, could indicate when the stones first arrived on site (English Heritage dig website).

“The bluestones hold the key to understanding the purpose and meaning of Stonehenge,” says Simon Thurley, chief executive of English Heritage. “Their arrival marked a turning point in the history of Stonehenge, changing the site from being a fairly standard formative henge with timber structures and occasional use for burial, to the complex stone structure whose remains dominate the site today.”

And dig scientist Geoffrey Wainwright confidently declares, “We will be able to say not only why but when the first stone monument was built.”

Of course journalists will be fervently hoping he’s wrong about the "why" part...

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Beijing air ‘safe for an hour’ says Olympic honcho - April 02, 2008

running COMSTOCK.JPGThe head of the International Olympic Commission has moved to ally fears over the health of athletes competing in Beijing’s notoriously polluted air. You can exercise outside for at least an hour without ill effects, says IOC chief inspector Hein Verbruggen.

“The Chinese together with our medical commission have done an excellent job,” he told Reuters. “They have scientifically proved there is no risk for the wide majority of sports. There can be a risk, but it's not big, for endurance events that last longer than an hour.”

This follows on from a statement released by the IOC last month, which got very little attention at the time. It stated: “For outdoor endurance events that include minimum one hour continuous physical efforts at high level – urban road cycling, mountain bike, marathon, marathon swimming, triathlon and road walk - the IOC Medical Commission’s findings indicated that there may be some risk.”

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April 01, 2008

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All hail Cedric, saviour of Tasmanian Devils - April 01, 2008

tasmanian-devil.jpgA short and rather ugly chap called Cedric could hold the key to the survival of the Tasmanian Devil.

The Devils are of course threatened by a very nasty infectious facial cancer for which they have almost no resistance (see Great Beyond from 2007). A few individuals have been found to have slight resistance but not enough to prevent death (see Nature from 2006).

Now Cedric may represent a step toward salvation for the Devils. After being injected with dead cancer cells he seems to have developed antibodies to the disease. His colleague Clinky was also injected with dead cells did not develop antibodies.

“I think this is the most exciting thing that has happened in this program - the devils could be their own saviours,” says Greg Woods, who is working with Cedric and Clinky on behalf of Save the Tasmanian Devil (various sources, eg: News.com.au, Independent).

Along with fellow researcher Alex Kriess, Woods has inserted live cancer cells into Cedric. So far he’s doing fine (Cedric, not Woods, although Woods is also in good health as far as we know).

“They haven’t developed a tumour so far. We think that Cedric - that's the devil that has produced an immunity response - we hope that he won't produce any tumour,” says Kriess (Australia’s ABC News).

Kriess thinks poor old Clinky is doomed but old Cedric will laugh off death.

Image: A Devil (not Cedric) / Getty

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Paranoia stalks London’s Underground - April 01, 2008

vr underground.jpgIt’s easy to get paranoid when you’re writing about news stories on April 1st. However this one seems legitimate: scientists have discovered that we’re far more paranoid than generally believed.

They know because they’re watching you. Not really. What researchers led by Daniel Freeman did was monitor subjects sent on a virtual reality tube ride (some of you may call that a subway or a metro journey).

Freeman, a psychiatry researcher at the King’s College London, found most people found their virtual fellow commuters either friendly or neutral. But a significant proportion, going on for 40%, were a little paranoid.

You can watch a video of the journey on the BBC’s version of this story. I’d be pretty paranoid if I was on this tube – the passengers are freaky.

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A chemist, a physicist, and a biologist walk into a bar - April 01, 2008

A surprising number of quite dramatic stories today – one big round-up post will have to do for them all.



Blame Canada

A1 nasa dextre.jpgDextre, the Canadian space agency’s new robot, is meant to be helping construct the ISS. Instead it’s making outlandish demands:
In a surprising and potentially troubling request, the new space station robot known as Dextre demanded that astronauts refer to it in the future at ‘Dextre the Magnificent.’ Brandishing power tools that would make any handyperson blush, the mobile servicing system thanked humans for creating it and promised a glorious future where humans would retain an important role in the new robot order.



As if that weren’t enough, the station’s computer systems seem to have been hacked.


Meanwhile, elsewhere in orbit...

Virgin and Google are going to Mars. They want YOU to join them (if you can score highly enough on their selection questionnaire that is).

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School’s plagiarism code plagiarized - April 01, 2008

UT code.bmpUniversity of Texas at San Antonio students wanted to draft an honor code that discouraged cheating and plagiarizing.

Unfortunately, the student committee’s results lifted sections of Brigham Young University’s honor code that the UofT students found on-line.

Even the definition of plagiarism was, well, plagiarized.

Akshay Thusu, the student in charge of the honor code project, said it was an oversight.

BYU credited Clemson University’s Center for Academic Integrity as a key source, but UT-San Antonio’s draft failed to do so. That will be corrected, Thusu said.

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