{"id":5791,"date":"2017-03-16T15:00:02","date_gmt":"2017-03-16T15:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/?p=5791"},"modified":"2017-03-16T15:00:02","modified_gmt":"2017-03-16T15:00:02","slug":"snapping-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/2017\/03\/16\/snapping-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"Snapping Earth for more than seven decades"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong><em>Posted on behalf of Elizabeth Gibney<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_5809\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5809\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5809 size-large\" title=\"as17-148-22727_lrg\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"The 'Blue Marble' image of Earth by the Apollo 17 crew in 1972. \" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/as17-148-22727_lrg.jpg 1881w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5809\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The &#8216;Blue Marble&#8217; image of Earth captured by the Apollo 17 crew in 1972. {credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>For centuries, the only way to \u2018see\u2019 Earth whole was through globes and maps; its grandeur was merely glimpsed in mountain vistas or across a stretch of ocean. That changed in the 1940s, when the first images of the planet were snapped from rockets probing the border of space, 100 kilometres up. The imaginable became the visible.<\/p>\n<p>Since then, satellites and spacecraft have beamed down shots from ever greater distances and in growing detail. Now Nature Video has captured the most iconic of these in the film <em>Portraits of a\u00a0Planet: Earth from <\/em>S<em>pace<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Portraits of a planet: Earth from space\" width=\"584\" height=\"329\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MJZKGNltqK0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>These images have massively boosted science and technology \u2013 from weather forecasting to monitoring natural disasters, forest cover and climate change. And they have had a subtler psychological impact. Revealing this majestic, finite, vulnerable entity framed in blackness has elicited deep responses feeding into policy and culture.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Going ballistic<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The first images of Earth from space \u2014 from 1946 and 1947 \u2014 were black-and-white, grainy and remarkable partly for the fact that they happened at all. Both were taken by cameras retrofitted into the empty nosecone of V-2 rockets, long-range ballistic missiles the United States captured from Germany at the end of the Second World War.<\/p>\n<p>In 1946, all that protected the film during the rocket\u2019s crash landing was a steel cassette. When the photos were first projected onto a screen, \u201cthe scientists just went nuts\u201d, recalled Fred Rulli, a member of the rocket\u2019s recovery team, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airspacemag.com\/space\/the-first-photo-from-space-13721411\/\">in an interview with <em>Air and Space<\/em> magazine<\/a>. The following year\u2019s project nudged the rocket further into space to 160 kilometres, bringing more detailed images clearly revealing Earth\u2019s curvature.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5811\" style=\"width: 956px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/C0jvnAgUsAAh2_j.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5811\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5811 size-full\" title=\"C0jvnAgUsAAh2_j\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/C0jvnAgUsAAh2_j.jpg\" alt=\"Taken in March 1947, these pioneering NASA images of Earth were the first taken from an altitude of more than 100 kilometres. Cameras retrofitted into the empty nosecone of V-2 rockets were deployed to take the shots.\" width=\"946\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/C0jvnAgUsAAh2_j.jpg 946w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/C0jvnAgUsAAh2_j-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 946px) 100vw, 946px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5811\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taken in March 1947, these pioneering NASA images of Earth were taken from an altitude of 160\u00a0kilometres &#8211; then a record high. Cameras retrofitted into the empty nosecone of V-2 rockets were deployed to take the shots.{credit}Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The cold-war space race soon pushed cameras to greater heights. In 1957, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v525\/n7570\/full\/525452a.html\">the Soviet Union launched its first satellite, <em>Sputnik<\/em><\/a>; the US quickly followed suit. Three years later, the newly formed NASA put <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/multimedia\/imagegallery\/image_feature_1627.html\">TIROS 1<\/a><\/em>, its first weather satellite, into orbit, which sent video back to Earth using dual television cameras. <em>TIROS 1<\/em> proved that such images could provide be used to monitor cloud formation, one of the first indications of the potential scientific power of satellites.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5801\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/324271main_tiros_full.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5801\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5801 size-full\" title=\"324271main_tiros_full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/324271main_tiros_full.jpg\" alt=\"In 1960, cameras aboard NASA's first weather satellite TIROS-1 captured Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/324271main_tiros_full.jpg 800w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/324271main_tiros_full-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5801\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1960, cameras aboard NASA&#8217;s first weather satellite TIROS 1 shot Earth.{credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Human-crewed efforts began with the orbital missions of Yuri Gagarin in 1961 and John Glenn in 1962. But it was not until 24 December 1968 that <em>Apollo 8<\/em> astronaut Bill Anders captured arguably the most iconic image of Earth. Later dubbed \u2018Earthrise\u2019, it was the first to show the planet from the perspective of another celestial body, as a luminous blue hemisphere rising above the Moon\u2019s horizon. Anders had had to fight to get the long-lens camera on board, and deviated from the craft\u2019s flight plan to get the snap (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v541\/n7637\/full\/541290a.html?WT.feed_name=subjects_physics\">as he wrote in his obituary of Glenn<\/a> earlier this year).<\/p>\n<p>That awe-inspiring image was a shot across the bows of the cold war. It was also transformational for earthbound observers: the moniker\u00a0&#8216;Spaceship Earth&#8217;\u00a0gained traction as people fully\u00a0grasped the planet&#8217;s limits. Ultimately, &#8216;Earthrise&#8217;\u00a0supercharged the nascent environmental movement in the United States particularly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v527\/n7579\/full\/527443a.html\">pioneered by environmentalists, scientists and thinkers such as Buckminster Fuller<\/a>; and it proved a trigger for the US <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthday.org\/about\/the-history-of-earth-day\/\">Earth Day<\/a>, which launched in 1970.<\/p>\n<p>That grassroots clamour, bolstered by works such as biologist Rachel Carson\u2019s 1962 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v485\/n7400\/full\/485578a.html?message-global=remove\"><em>Silent Spring<\/em><\/a>, had an influence on\u00a0policy shifts at the federal level. The period from 1970 to 1973 saw the Environmental Protection Agency established and the US Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and Endangered Species Act passed. Anders notes, \u201cI wouldn\u2019t say [Earthrise] was the only reason, but it certainly was an important reason motivating folks to take better care of our planet.\u201d<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5813\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/apollo08_earthrise.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5813\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5813 wpn-image\" title=\"apollo08_earthrise\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/apollo08_earthrise.jpg\" alt=\"'Earthrise' - possibly the most iconic portrait of Earth - was captured by astronaut Bill Anders from Apollo 8, the first crewed lunar mission.\" width=\"500\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/apollo08_earthrise.jpg 500w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/apollo08_earthrise-300x288.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5813\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8216;Earthrise&#8217; &#8211; possibly the most iconic portrait of the planet &#8211; was captured by astronaut Bill Anders from Apollo 8, the first crewed lunar mission, in 1968.{credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The spectacular \u2019Blue Marble\u2019 (see opening image), shot by the crew of <em>Apollo 17<\/em> in 1972, fuelled further activism; it has been <a href=\"https:\/\/visibleearth.nasa.gov\/view_cat.php?categoryID=1484\">recreated by NASA many times over<\/a>. The photograph captured Earth with the Sun behind the camera illuminating most of the globe, and from a distance (45,000 kilometres from the planet) no one has managed since.<\/p>\n<p>Inspired by the potential of such astounding images, the US Geological Survey and NASA launched the first satellite in the Landsat programme in 1972, to chart Earth\u2019s terrain in detail. Landsat satellites have documented burning oil wells in the first Gulf War, the impact of Hurricane Katrina and deforestation in the Amazon. Landsat\u2019s false-colour rendering of Alaska\u2019s Malaspina glacier, taken with a thermal imaging camera, is mesmerizingly beautiful.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5803\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/669828main_kuwait-tight.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5803\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5803 size-full\" title=\"669828main_kuwait-tight\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/669828main_kuwait-tight.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Landsat satellites captured lit oil wells in Kuwait , which burned for 10 months.\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/669828main_kuwait-tight.jpg 720w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/669828main_kuwait-tight-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5803\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landsat satellite images of lit oil wells in Kuwait during the Gulf War, in 1991. They burned for 10 months.{credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5815\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5815\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5815 size-large\" title=\"147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"This Landsat image, shot in 200, captures the majestic flow of Alaska's Malaspina Glacier. This false-colour composite was created using infrared, near infrared and green wavelengths.\" width=\"620\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/147261main_image_feature_553_ys_full.jpg 1041w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5815\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shot in 2000, this false-colour composite showing the majestic flow of Alaska&#8217;s Malaspina Glacier was created using infrared, near infrared and green wavelengths.{credit}NASA\/USGS{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In recent years, a parade of Earth monitoring and robotic exploration craft have added countless images to the file. In 2012, over 312 orbits, the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite built up a night-side image of Earth and its lit-up cities in \u2018The Black Marble\u2019. In 2013, NASA\u2019s Cassini craft turned around in the outer Solar System to capture Earth \u2014 a pinprick of light \u2014 through the rings and moons of backlit Saturn.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5817\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5817\" class=\"wpn-image wp-image-5817 size-large\" title=\"737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Composite image 'The Black Marble' was taken by Suomi NPP, a joint National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA satellite, in 2012\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/737848main_earth_night_rotate_lrg_full.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5817\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Composite image &#8216;The Black Marble&#8217; was taken by Suomi NPP, a joint National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and NASA satellite, in 2012.{credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Called \u2018The Day the Earth Smiled\u2019, that shot was taken from more than 1.2 billion kilometres away, making it a far cry from the images of our planet revealed some 70 years ago. But while the photographs have become ever more impressive, rarely are they as powerful as those first images of the \u2018ground beneath our feet\u2019 in its sublime entirety.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5805\" style=\"width: 630px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a class=\"wpn-image-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/PIA17172_hires.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5805\" class=\"size-large wp-image-5805 wpn-image\" title=\"IDL TIFF file\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/PIA17172_hires-1024x398.jpg\" alt=\"'The Day the Earth Smiled', taken by NASA's Cassini craft in 2013, shows Earth through Saturn's rings. The image spans some 650,000 kilometres and is a mosaic crafted from photographs taken over four hours.\" width=\"620\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/PIA17172_hires-1024x398.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/files\/2017\/03\/PIA17172_hires-300x117.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5805\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8216;The Day the Earth Smiled&#8217;, taken by NASA&#8217;s Cassini craft in 2013, shows Earth through Saturn&#8217;s rings. The image spans some 650,000 kilometres and is a mosaic crafted from photographs taken over four hours.{credit}NASA{\/credit}<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Elizabeth Gibney is a reporter on physics for\u00a0<\/strong><em><strong>Nature<\/strong><\/em><strong>\u00a0based in London. She tweets at @LizzieGibney.<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>For\u00a0<em>Nature<\/em>\u2019s full coverage of science in culture, visit www.nature.com\/news\/booksandarts.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For centuries, the only way to \u2018see\u2019 Earth whole was through globes and maps; its grandeur was merely glimpsed in mountain vistas or across a stretch of ocean. That changed in the 1940s, when the first images of the planet were snapped from rockets probing the border of space, 100 kilometres up. The imaginable became the visible.&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/2017\/03\/16\/snapping-earth#more-5791\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/2017\/03\/16\/snapping-earth\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3353,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,812187,602897,81471],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arts","category-ecology","category-space","category-technology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3353"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5791"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5791\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/aviewfromthebridge\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}