Editor’s note: following on from their previous groundbreaking publication on this blog – in which they provided a comprehensive overview of chemical-free consumer products – Drs Goldberg and Chemjobber submitted another manuscript to Nature Chemistry. Despite being summarily rejected by the editor, many (many) months later – and in the wake of some poetic exchanges on Twitter – the manuscript (and cover letter) are now both posted here on the blog with the permission of the authors. In the spirit of the Christmas papers published by the BMJ, consider this (tongue-in-cheek?) comment on synthetic chemistry by Alex and CJ a holiday-season gift to our readers!

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An expeditious and parsimonious approach to strychnine
Alexander F. G. Goldberg and C.J. Chemjobber

Throughout and following its structural elucidation^1-5 strychnine has captured the imagination of synthetic chemists. Beginning with Woodward’s landmark total synthesis, reported in 1954 (ref. 6), this storied molecule has enabled chemists to showcase the state-of-the-art^7,8. Advances in the field of organic synthesis over the following decades have culminated in a synthesis as short as six linear steps from commercial materials⁹. Indeed, each subsequent publication on this strychnine has been a reflection of the leading concepts of the time.

In this vein, we sought in our approach to limit the use of harmful reagents — and harmless reagents — and maximize step economy, atom economy¹⁰, redox economy¹¹, word economy¹², time economy¹³, graduate student economy¹⁴ and economy¹⁵.

Our efforts were initiated and concluded by obtaining commercially available strychnine as a light yellow powder from Sigma-Aldrich. Gratifyingly, all spectral data matched those reported in the literature, and the purity was found, fortuitously, to be as indicated by the vendor.

In summary, we are delighted to have obtained multi-gram quantities of strychnine in the shortest synthetic sequence to date from commercial materials. Future work will likely not be directed toward similar approaches to brucine, cinchonine, and erythropoietin.

Author contributions

A.F.G.G. and C.J.C. contributed equally to the experimental work.

Acknowledgements

We thank Sigma-Aldrich in advance for their sense of humour; A.F.G.G thanks Christine Hansplant for her patience in waiting for this acknowledgement for her contribution to our previous publication.

Affiliations

Stan’s Exchange Secondhand Store, Edmonton, AB.

Competing Financial Interests

A.F.G.G. is handily in the pockets of Big Strychnine.

References

1. Leuchs, H. Über Strychnon und Pseudo-strychnon als Nebenprodukte der Darstellung des Pseudo-strychnins und über weitere Versuche in dessen Reihe. (Teilweise mit Fritz Räck.) (über Strychnos-Alkaloide, 110. Mitteil.) Chem. Ber. 73, 731–739 (1940). [LINK]

2. Briggs, L. H., Openshaw, H. T. & Robinson, R. Strychnine and brucine. Part XLII. Constitution of the neo-series of bases and their oxidation products. J. Chem. Soc. 903 (1946). [LINK]

3. Robinson, R. The constitution of strychnine. Experientia 2, 28–29 (1946). [LINK]

4. Woodward, R. B., Brehm, W. J. & Nelson, A. L. The structure of strychnine J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 2250 (1947). [LINK]

5. Woodward, R. B. & Brehm, W. J. The Structure of Strychnine. Formulation of the Neo Bases J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 2107–2115 (1948). [LINK]

6. Woodward, R. B., Cava, M. P., Ollis, W. D., Hunger, A., Daeniker, H. U. & Schenker, K. The Total Synthesis of Strychnine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 4749–4751 (1954). [LINK]

7. Bonjoch, J. & Solé, D. Synthesis of Strychnine. Chem. Rev. 100, 3455–3482 (2000). [LINK]

8. Cannon, J. S. & Overman, L. E. Is There No End to the Total Syntheses of Strychnine? Lessons Learned in Strategy and Tactics in Total Synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 4288–4311 (2012). [LINK]

9. Martin, D. B. C. & Vanderwal, C. D. A synthesis of strychnine by a longest linear sequence of six steps. Chem. Sci. 2, 649–651 (2011). [LINK]

10. Trost, B. M. Atom Economy—A Challenge for Organic Synthesis: Homogeneous Catalysis Leads the Way. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34, 259–281 (1995). [LINK]

11. Burns, N.Z., Baran, P. S. & Hoffmann, R. W. Redox Economy in Organic Synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 2854–2867 (2009). [LINK]

12. Goldberg, A. F. G. & Chemjobber, C. J. A comprehensive overview of chemical-free consumer products. The Sceptical Chymist. [LINK]

13. Hayashi, Y. & Ogasawara, S. Time Economical Synthesis of (–)-Oseltamivir. Org. Lett. 18, 3426–3429 (2016). [LINK]

14. (a) Wang, P., Dong, S., Brailsford, J. A., Iyer, K., Townsend, S. D., Zhang, Q., Hendrickson, R. C., Shieh, J., Moore, M. A. S., Danishefsky, S. J. At Last: Erythropoietin as a Single Glycoform. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 11576–11584 (2012) and references therein. [LINK] (b) Nicolaou, K. C., Heretsch, P., Nakamura, T., Rudo, A., Murata, M. Konoki, K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of QRSTUVWXYZA’ Domains of Maitotoxin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 16444–16451 (2014) and references therein. [LINK] (c) Aad, G. et al. (ATLAS Collaboration, CMS Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 191803 (2015). [LINK]

15. Newhouse, T., Baran, P. S. & Hoffmann, R. W. The economies of synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 3010–3021 (2009). [LINK]

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Cover letter

Dear Stu,

Please find attached our latest manuscript for your consideration for publication in Tetrahedron Letters or whatever it’s called, entitled “An Expeditious and Parsimonious Approach to Strychnine.” This scalable approach features a broadly-applicable method for accessing complex bioactive natural products, and adheres closely to the principles of green chemistry. For instance, our approach to strychnine was solvent-free and atom-economical, and all raw materials were obtained from renewable sources, which were fully incorporated into the final product. We trust that you will find that traditional green chemistry metrics such as atom economy, effective mass yield and E-factor are second to none.

Furthermore, the future of funding for basic research remains uncertain and subject to the whims of oft closed minded and myopic politicians. Pressing, therefore, is the need for cost-effective methods for obtaining important natural products, especially for the purposes of the biological studies which we all say we’re going to get around to.

Indeed, our zero-step synthesis of strychnine from commercially-available materials is a superb model for efficiency in synthetic chemistry. We are confident that the application of this method to other commercially available natural products will accelerate discovery in our own field, as well as in the fields of chemical biology and analytical chemistry; as the 200th anniversary of strychnine’s isolation approaches, we consider this timely and unparalleled manuscript suitable for the broad scientific audience of your publication.

Thank you in advance for your consideration,
Alexander Goldberg & CJ Chemjobber

Editor’s note: this post written by Brett Thornton and Shawn Burdette is a follow-up piece to the blog post ‘New kids on the p-block‘, the Commentary article ‘Another four bricks in the wall‘ published in the April 2016 issue of Nature Chemistry, and the blog post ‘Another four bricks in the wall (part II)‘.

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Following IUPAC’s announcement of the assignment of discovery priority to elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 on 30 December 2015, the anxious wait began for the announcement of the actual proposed names. The discovery of elements has become increasingly rare, and the simultaneous confirmation and naming of four, though widely expected since the original reports had been around for some time, is almost certainly a once-in-a-lifetime event. IUPAC’s actions are simply the acknowledgement of the discovery honour, which is then followed by the naming of the element.

While waiting to learn what names the research groups in Japan (RIKEN), Russia (JINR), and the United States (ORNL & LLNL) would propose, we surveyed the landscape for what those names might be. As with past discovery announcements, speculation on element names is always rampant. Suggestions came from scientists, media members and the public at large. Proposals referencing figures from pop-culture especially were reported widely. Assuming that the names might be announced quickly, we put together our best predictions for the Sceptical Chymist blog on 26 January 2016 with a panel that also included Philip Ball, Kat Day, and Eric Scerri. We followed this up with a more in-depth Commentary discussing the possible names, published in the April 2016 issue of Nature Chemistry. How sagacious were our 26 January predictions? The first blog post included the names of all four of the elements, albeit on a longer list of 46 possibilities.

‘Moscovium’ was our top prediction, with 4 of our 5 experts guessing this would be the chosen for element 115. Kat was the outlier as she advocated for the longshots based on cultural or mythological sources. Picking moscovium hardly indicates that any of our panelists were blessed with the gift of clairvoyance. The name had been pushed by the Russian JINR group in the past, and they had been very public about their intentions to propose this name. Interestingly however, there seems to have been some information lost in translation when explaining the chosen name to the public. Several news outlets have reported that moscovium was named for the city of Moscow; however, the IUPAC report clearly states that the name is meant to recognize the Moscow region (PDF link here). For those unfamiliar with Russian geography, Moscow is the name of both a city and an oblast (province) that contains the city of Moscow, and the city of Dubna where the JINR is located. Dubna is approximately 130 km (81 miles) north of Moscow on the the northern edge of the Moscow oblast. Conflating the city and oblast of Moscow is the equivalent of saying New York City is the same thing as the entire state of New York.

For element 115, there were also strong indications that the name would refer to Japan in some way. Since RIKEN documents had mentioned the name ‘japonium’, we assigned it the highest odds followed by ‘nipponium’, ‘nihonium’ and ‘rikenium’. Once again 4 out of 5 panelists chose either a traditional pronunciation or the exonym for the nation of Japan. Only Brett correctly picked nihonium, although Eric and Shawn deserve partial credit for chosing ‘nipponium’ since even the Japanese people can’t come to a consensus on how to pronounce the name. Philip’s rationale that ‘japonium’ might better advertise the scientific contribution to the world, may have been trumped by the researchers’ desire to connect with the Japanese people with nihonium. Current and future generations of Japanese students can now look to the periodic table and see a clear emblem of their homeland’s scientific contributions. Although the IUPAC document does not state so explicitly, ‘nipponium’ seems to have been disallowed because of the invalidated discovery of element 43/nipponium (technetium), which appeared on some periodic tables in the early 20th century. The discoverers did note that nihonium also pays homage to Masataka Ogawa, who authored the element 43/nipponium report. Following recent studies, some investigators have postulated that Ogawa actually might have isolated, but misidentified element 75/rhenium before its recognized discovery. Regardless, Ogawa is obviously a revered figure in Japanese science as one of the founding fathers of chemistry in their country.

Without many clues about the possible choices for elements 117 and 118, our list of predictions then got a bit distracted. Wishful thinking may have clouded our judgement somewhat as we proposed many names based on historical chemists, Greek- and Latin-derived names, and even a bit of Slavic and Japanese mythology. As we alluded to in the Commentary, recent naming trends have generally not borrowed heavily from history, mythology, or Greek and Latin. Astatine and technetium, named in 1947, were the last Greek-derived names. Mythology-derived names ended with plutonium.

‘Quercine’ for 117 was Brett’s brainchild, a clever idea that evoked Oak Ridge, Tennessee in a subtle way, while honouring the Latin/Greek source tradition for halogen names. A fusion of both the traditional practices and modern naming trends. We ranked ‘quercine’ somewhat higher than ‘tennessine’/’tennessium’, which Shawn suggested, but at unfavourable odds. In the interim period between the publication of the first blog post and the Commentary, we gravitated toward ‘tennessine’ as a more reasonable guess — it was one of the illustrated elements, along with ‘quercine’, in the commentary. Thankfully, no one (to our knowledge) used our odds to accept wagers. If they had, the unfortunate bookmakers would have been taken to the cleaners by the 750/1 longshot tennessine, which is now the name of element 117.

Historical scientists have fared well in transactinide element naming: Ernest Rutherford, Neils Bohr, Lise Meitner, Glenn Seaborg, Georgy Flerov, and the somewhat unusual choice of Copernicus, who lived centuries before the periodic table was devised, all have been honoured with spots on the periodic table. So we thought there was a chance that one of the obvious historical scientists who had a role in forming the periodic table might earn a spot this time. Our favourites included ghiorsium/ghiorsonine (Albert Ghiorso, co-discoverer of an incredible 12 elements), moselium/moseleyon (for Henry Moseley), or berzelium (for Jacob Berzelius, who with his students discovered or co-discovered 10 elements). From there, we searched for other scientists whose work is associated closely with new element research. Even without any hints from the researchers, we reasoned that Yuri Oganessian, a scientist at JINR, was the most likely scientist to be honored with an element name. The announcement of ‘oganesson’, with the traditional noble gas ‘–on’ suffix, validated that prediction. Notably, the 83-year old Oganessian is only the second living scientist, along with Glenn Seaborg, to have an element named for them.

In the end, we predicted them all, and usually for the right element. As individuals, Philip and Brett each got two right; Philip picked ‘japonium’ instead of nihonium, and ‘ghiorsonine’ instead of tennessine. Brett chose ‘quercine’ rather than tennessine, and ‘moseleyon’ rather than oganesson. Eric had moscovium, and a near-miss with ‘nipponium’ instead of nihonium. Kat, rolled the dice on longshots, ‘octarine’ certainly had a euphonius halogen sound. Shawn? A near-perfect 3.5/4. He predicted moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson. The only miss, ‘nipponium’, the aformentioned variation of nihonium.

What’s next? Well, we look forward to the next time elements are added to the periodic table, but we’re back to the grind of ‘–ium’ suffixed elements for a long, long time now. What names seem left out at this point? As far as scientist-honouring element names go, the continued omission of Ghiroso, Moseley, and Berzelius is striking.

It’s interesting to note that with moscovium, there are now three ‘nationalistic triplets of nation-state/region-city’ on the periodic table, for Russia, the United States, and Germany—all productive element-discovering nations:

Alternatively, one could include americium/californium/livermorium as a US triplet or germanium/rhenium/darmstadium for Germany. To which we humbly remind the Japanese RIKEN teams, don’t forget about Saitama prefecture and the city of Wako as you return to your particle accelerators! ORNL is also tantalizingly close to a triplet with americium/tennessine, so the obvious city choice from the blog list would be ‘oakridgium’, but they are welcome to steal ‘quercine’ and replace the halogen suffix to name ‘quercium’.

Finally, the choice of Mc as the symbol for moscovium is intriguing, as usually the symbol takes the first unused letter following the initial letter. Mo is already molybdenum, and we speculated that IUPAC would avoid Ms because of the mesyl group, but that didn’t stop the use of Ts for tennessine, despite confusion with tosyl group. So why Mc for moscovium? One possibility is the name of Moscow in cyrillic letters in Russian: Москва.

Editor’s note: this post written by Shawn Burdette and Brett Thornton is a companion piece to the Commentary article ‘Another four bricks in the wall‘ published in the April 2016 issue of Nature Chemistry.

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If discovering and naming new elements was not complex enough, the discoverers must also propose a two-letter symbol. For reasons that are presumably related to adherence to tradition and historical precedent, IUPAC guidelines require two-letter symbols for new elements, with the first letter capitalized and the second lowercase. Although that sounds simple, in reality, finding a suitable symbol for a new element can be nearly as tricky as selecting a name.

Most of the figures for the commentary on the 4 new elements required making educated guesses about what element symbols would correspond with the hypothetical names. Element symbols, like element names, follow an arcane set of rules. Symbols that have been used in the past, but abandoned, may not be reused. Since there are only 114 named elements, some using single-letter symbols, and 26 × 26 = 676 possible two-letter combinations, there initially appears to be lots of available symbols to choose from. Upon further inspection though, problems start to arise.

Part of this symbol problem arises from most element names coming from Indo-European languages, and principally Germanic and Latin languages, which share many common phonemes. Put another way, there are limited numbers of ways to put together letters in English that make sense, and some letters appear far more frequently in element symbols than others – see the chart below:

Letter occurrence frequency in the first 114 assigned element symbols as of March 2016.

 
As more and more elements are added to the table, choosing ‘valid’ symbols becomes more difficult. In the case of copernicium, researchers originally proposed the symbol ‘Cp’. As was pointed out in a letter to Nature, Cp previously had been used to denote ‘cassiopium’, a competing name for lutetium in the early 1900s that had appeared on periodic tables. IUPAC ultimately changed the symbol to ‘Cn’ to prevent confusion. Astute readers will recognize that Cp is also used to abbreviate cyclopentadienyl anion, however, none of the IUPAC documents list this as a potential issue. Others have pointed out that Cn was the symbol for ‘coronium’, a widely discussed element in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Coronium, which turned out to be highly ionized iron in the solar spectrum, was never placed on the periodic table. Perhaps the restriction on reusing a symbol need not apply if the element was never assigned a spot.

The illustration for ‘japonium’, our guess for element 113, uses the symbol ‘Ja’. Using the first 2 letters of the proposed name was as an easy derivation because no other element symbol contains the letter ‘J’. If we had guessed ‘nipponium’ however, there would be a dilemma. The single letter ‘N’ is taken by nitrogen. Ni is nickel, Np is neptunium, No is nobelium, so the first combination that is unclaimed is ‘Nn’. There are no double-letter element symbols, so while this might look odd, there are no IUPAC restrictions that would prevent this combination. Alternatively, it would be a clever maneuver to integrate the more familiar exonym ‘Japan’ with the Japanese name for their country and propose Ja as the symbol for nipponium. There is certainly precedence for unmatched chemical symbols. Na and Ag for sodium and silver, from the Latin names natrium and argentum, for instance. However, using symbols from another language has not been applied to newly discovered elements since the early 1800s, unless one counts the long fight over W for tungsten.

In the illustration for ‘moscovium’, a similar problem arises. Mo is molybdenum, so ‘Ms’ would be next in line. Unfortunately, Ms is a common organic chemistry abbreviation for the mesyl functional group (methylsulfonyl), though it’s unclear if this would be an obstacle to the symbol. In the event that organic abbreviations are deemed problematic, ‘Mc’ would be the next choice. Mv was widely used as a symbol for mendelevium before Md was adopted as the official symbol (ref. 1), and therefore would be unlikely.

Likewise, Te is taken by tellurium, so ‘tennessine’ could be ‘Tn’. Until the mid-20th century though, IUPAC defined Tn as the symbol for the 220Rn isotope, a use that persists in current literature. ‘Ts’, the other possible symbol, is the abbreviation in organic chemistry for tosyl groups (p-toluenesulfonyl). This poses a quandary if tennessine is the chosen name for element 117; all the obvious symbols derived from letters in the name might be off limits. If single-letter symbols were resurrected, ‘T’ might work, except tritium uses that letter as a chemical symbol.

There are 14 single-letter symbols (H, B, C, N, O, F, P, S, K, V, Y, I, W, and U). That might suggest that 12 are still available for new elements, but some have already been taken. D and T, as mentioned above, are deuterium and tritium respectively. G was ‘glucinium’, a competing name for beryllium. ‘A’ was an early symbol for argon before it was changed to Ar (ref. 1). When einsteinium was named in the 1950s, the original symbol proposed was ‘E’, but this was changed by IUPAC to Es (ref. 1). ‘M’ is often any generic metal in chemical equations. ‘X’ is any halogen. ‘R’ is an organic functional group. ‘J’ is commonly used for iodine in German-speaking countries. By process of elimination with a 26 letter alphabet, that leaves only L, Q, and Z as unclaimed single-letters.

Ultimately, we guessed Tn for tennessine to agree with the postal code and familiar abbreviation of the state. IUPAC however might prefer Ts because the abbreviation for tosyl is less well-defined by IUPAC than Tn was for thoron.

In the illustration for ‘octarine’, the symbol ‘Oc’ was an easy selection since the only other ‘O’ elements are O (oxygen) and Os (osmium). Although the illustration of scientists doesn’t include symbols, we can still speculate about what might be chosen for these hypothetical element names. ‘Ghiorsium’ could easily claim ‘Gh’ as only germanium (Ge) and gallium (Ga) use the letter ‘G’. For moseleyon, or any element named for Henry Mosley, ‘Ml’ or ‘My’ have to be selected since Mo already belongs to molybdenum, Ms has the complications already discussed for moscovium, and Me is the common abbreviation for methyl. William Ramsay’s namesake ramsayon, would likely use ‘Rm’, ‘Rs’, or ‘Ry’ after passing over the already claimed Ra, which is used by radon. As with japonium, Jo and Jl are theoretically open for ‘joline’ since there are no ‘J’ elements; however, joliotium was suggested for element 102 (now nobelium) with the proposed symbol Jo in the late 1950s, and Jl for element 105 (now dubnium) by IUPAC in 1994. Would a ban on reusing symbols lead to Ji, Jn or Je being preferred?

While symbol speculation might not have the allure of guessing the actual name of an element, the ultimate choice is no less important. The chemical symbol is the ‘face of the franchise’ for each element; though element names may vary between languages, the symbols are universal. The initial encounter with an element for chemistry students is as likely to be the symbol as the name. So perhaps it’s not surprising, that at times, the choice of chemical symbol has been as controversial as the name itself. Well, almost as controversial.

References

1. IUPAC: Commission de Nomenclature de Chimie Inorganique, in ‘Comptes Rendus de la Dix-Neuvième Conférence, Paris’, 1957, p. 93.

Editor’s note: this is a guest blog post from Philip Ball, Shawn Burdette, Kat Day, Eric Scerri and Brett Thornton about those four new elements and what they might/should/could be called. We’d like you to get involved too, so please do comment!

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On December 30, 2015, IUPAC (the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) announced the confirmation of the experiments that produced elements 113, 115, 117, and 118, which completes the 7th row of the periodic table. The corresponding technical reports on the confirmations are available ahead of print online (here and here). The announcement created a great deal of excitement not only in the scientific community but also in the public, and touched off a wave of speculation about what the new elements will be named. IUPAC guidelines authorize the original discoverers to suggest an element name, and revisions to the rules propose several modifications including what form the suffixes of elements in group 17 and 18 should take. After the names have been submitted, IUPAC will sanction the names after a period for public comment. The IUPAC guidelines permit an element to be “named after a mythological concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property or a scientist”.

Except for a press release from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) on element 115 (available here) and Riken on element 113 (see page 16 of this pdf document), the research groups have been silent on what names might be submitted for IUPAC approval. Proposals for names have come in from a variety of quarters including several internet petitions on change.org. With all the suggestions and speculation, we thought it would be fun to try and guess what the researchers actually will propose to IUPAC. So we assembled a panel of experts that included freelance science writer Philip Ball, Worcester Polytechnic Institute professor of chemistry and biochemistry Shawn Burdette, chemistry blogger Kat Day, UCLA lecturer and author of several books on the periodic table Eric Scerri, and Stockholm University atmospheric chemistry researcher Brett Thornton. The panel brainstormed a list of ideas consistent with the IUPAC guidelines, as well as historical trends in element nomenclature. The panel also examined the names being put forward elsewhere. The list is compiled below (click on the table for bigger version) and includes odds on the likelihood that each name will be proposed to IUPAC (e.g., 1/2 odds corresponds to a 67% probability and 2/1 odds implies a 33%).

Based on the proposed names, each member of the panel has made a pick for each of the new elements. If we were actually gambling, picking a longshot name, while less probable would provide a bigger payout if correct. This would be how things work in a typical sports book; however, these picks are being made just for fun (click on the table for bigger version).

The process of how the names were selected, the significance of the names, how the odds were determined, and why each panelist made their picks, will be the subject of a Commentary in an upcoming issue of Nature Chemistry. Since we don’t know the timetable on which names will be proposed, we wanted to initiate the project with this post on the Sceptical Chymist. This also gives you the opportunity to make picks of what name the researchers will submit to IUPAC. Did the panel miss a name that the researchers at RIKEN, the JINR, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) or Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) might be considering? It has also been suggested that the discovery groups might want to consult with the research teams involved in the experiments that replicated their discoveries. Will they be consulted, and are there other names those researchers might advocate? The discovery team who created copernicium listened to public suggestions, will these research teams? Should they? Give us your picks as well as any suggestions for possibilities we omitted below. Remember IUPAC guidelines require elements to have names derived from mythology, minerals, places, properties or scientists. Make sure to identify yourself so we can credit you in the Commentary if we discuss your ideas.

This is a guest post from Reuben Hudson at Colby College in response to one of Michelle Francl‘s recent Thesis columns.

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Chemists communicate with a lexicon rife with double endendres [ref. 1]. Some of our words take on new meanings after appropriation from general vocabulary and certainly our words cross into the public sphere with a similar alteration of the intended meaning, often resulting in humorous or nonsensical interpretations. Despite our urge for vigorous [ref. 2], concise [refs 3,4], and clearly understandable prose [ref. 5], Michelle Francl [ref. 1] suggests that we not avoid all ambiguous language ‘for it gives chemists a rich set of images to draw on, and as such, we shouldn’t discourage it, for we can’t look for what our language doesn’t let us imagine.’ I agree whole-heartedly with her encouragement to use, when appropriate, single phrases with multiple meanings, and take this opportunity to point out the equally common, seemingly opposite practice in the chemical literature of incorporating multiple, redundant inferences of the same meaning in a single phrase.

Redundancies are a part of quality science. Elegant reproduction can build a compelling argument. Reiteration of a thesis strengthens rhetoric. Unintentionally repeating again the same point, however, is a sign of ineptitude and detracts from effective communication.

Tautologies (redundancies for lack of style) can arise as a result of an incomplete understanding. Such is often the case with bilingual acronyms, where the acronym itself is retained, but the meaning clearly lost in translation, a laughable and excusable miscue. Consider ‘le protocol IP’ from French computer science (internet protocol protocol). Without the crutch of an improper translation, other redundant acronyms become more laughable and less excusable. Biologists first introduced the term, ‘HIV virus’ (human immunodeficiency virus virus), while physicists brought us LASER light (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation light). Chemists are perhaps the worst when it comes to tautological acronyms. Any student of organic chemistry will remember one of the cornerstone reactions: the S_N2 substitution (guess what ‘S’ represents). The CDC coupling reaction (cross dehydrogenative coupling coupling), a new innovation rolled out by green chemists, is a halogen-free means of carbon–carbon bond formation.

To this point, the discussion has ostensibly focused only on redundant acronyms. The careful reader will have also noticed the equally egregious use of tautological phrases within this very post, several of which see frequent use in scientific publications. An innovation is, by definition, something new. It is therefore tautological to say, ‘new innovation.’ An introduction is the first time something is presented. Thus, ‘first introduced’ is redundant for lack of style. Repeat means to say again, so it is superfluous to say, ‘repeat again.’ The title of this post is also tautological.

References

1. Francl, M. Nature Chem. 7, 533–534 (2015). [LINK]
2. Patience, P. A., Patience, G. S., Boffito, D. C. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 93, 2095–2097 (2015). [LINK]
3. Hudson, R. J. Chem. Educ. 90, 1580 (2013). [LINK]
4. Carr, J. M. J. Chem. Educ. 90, 751−754 (2013). [LINK]
5. Stewart, A. F. et al. J. Chem. Educ. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00373 (2015). [LINK]