Nature India Special Issue on ‘Grand Challenges’

coverAs part of Nature India’s 10th anniversary celebrations, we produced a special issue on ‘Grand Challenges’. (Download your free copy here.)

India is headed towards an astonishing population surge. With 1.34 billion people recorded in early 2018, the country is estimated to add another 100 million by 2024 overtaking China, currently the most populous nation in the world. Therefore, her daunting demographics are integral to any discussion around the challenges faced by India.

The mammoth population coupled with limited resources, and growing urbanization and energy needs are important factors behind many socio-economic issues. Be it poverty, healthcare delivery, literacy, pollution or waste management — each of India’s problems can be directly linked to and are intensified by its teeming millions.

Some of the most pressing challenges raised by a large population are in the public healthcare, energy and sanitation sectors. Successive Indian governments have made tremendous efforts to meet public needs and expectations. However, health concerns such as tuberculosis, maternal and infant mortality, vector- and water borne-diseases, malnutrition, hygiene and sanitation remain major problems.

03The Nature India special issue on Grand Challenges takes a closer look at some of these hazards, which are experienced across the developing world. What are the grand challenges for the country’s 1.3 billion people? Can science help find solutions to some of the public health problems? Can innovation provide long-term answers?

Through in-depth commentaries by subject experts, this special issue looks at the state of affairs in malaria
management, maternal and child health, malnutrition and tuberculosis. It also looks at the science-led innovations and solutions already on offer. In a reprint section, we compile some recent articles from across Nature Research publications that highlight the grand challenges and research-based solutions that India and the rest of the developing world have adopted.

The volume also features a special photo section curated from top entries to the 2017 Nature India photo competition, themed ‘Grand Challenges’. These pictures are compelling visual narratives of some deeply moving and familiar circumstances.

With examples and case studies of evidence-based solutions, the Nature India special issue on Grand Challenges hopes to be an enlightening read for scientists, policy-makers, business leaders, and societies across the developing world.

 

NI Photo Contest 2016: Finalist #1

The New Year is around the corner, and so it’s that time of the year when we roll out the finalists of the Nature India photo contest!

The third edition of our photo contest has, as usual, received a fantastic response — hundreds of entries from around the world. The theme for this year’s contest was simply ‘Nature’. But like always, we were looking for some inherent connect of the entries with science — the more the science element in the photos, the merrier!

The quality and novelty of some of the entries this year has been beyond our expectation — some of the pictures are actually pieces of art. We have had a mix of amateur and professional photographers, scientists and non-scientists, mobile cameras and high-end DSLRs — all vying to spot and capture science in Nature.

Tough job, as usual, for the Nature India editorial and design team in selecting just three winners. The winners stand a chance of seeing their entries grace the cover page of one of our forthcoming print publications. The winner and two runners-up will receive a copy of the latest Nature India Special Annual Volume and an enviable bag of goodies from Springer Nature.

As a run up to the final announcement, we will be rolling out the top 10 finalists of the photo competition (in no particular order of merit) over the next few days on the Indigenus blog as well as our social media platforms (Twitter and Facebook). The final results will be announced in late December 2016.

So brace up as we announce the Nature India photo contest 2016 finalist number one:

Ravi Hegde, Bengaluru, India

Photo Caption: ‘Bubbling moments’

Bubbling moments

{credit}Ravi Hegde{/credit}

Ravi, who works in the Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India, describes his photo thus:

Ravi Hegde

Ravi Hegde

“This is one of the most memorable photographs I shot in my life. I was fortunate to capture this exciting moment while an incredible Sand Bubbler was actively engaged in feeding and making tiny sand balls. I lied down for an hour, wetting all my clothes in seawater to capture this very rare moment. The Sand Bubbler tosses the sand bubble in a fraction of a second. Bubblers sieve the micro-nutrients grains of sand and feed on them, and then repack unwanted particles in the form of tiny balls, generally 2-3mm in diameter. During low tides, the intense feeding activity of these creatures makes for beautiful intricate patterns of sand balls on the seashore.”

This photograph was taken at the Dhareshwara seashore, near Honavar, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India in May, 2013.

Congratulations Ravi for making it to the top 10!

Nature India’s final decision to chose the winner will be partly influenced by the engagement and reception he/she receives here at the Indigenus blog, on Twitter and on Facebook. To give all finalists a fair chance, we will take into consideration the social media engagement of each picture only during the first seven days of its announcement.

So watch out for our other finalists and feel free to promote, share and like your favourite entries with the hashtag #NatureIndphoto.

India deadliest country for environment journalists: RSF

Doesn’t look like great times to be an environment journalist in India.

More than 3000 environment journalists from across the world have spent sleepless nights over the last 10 days to cover the Paris climate talks (or the 21st Conference of Parties — COP21) concluding today. However, excesses of a different kind threaten their peers elsewhere, according to a new report released by Paris-based body Reporters Sans Frontieres (RSF or Reporter Without Borders).

India has emerged as the deadliest country for environment journalists, according to a global investigation by RSF, with at least two inquisitive reporters in the Asian nation being murdered in 2015 and many others harassed, threatened and subjected to physical violence. Closely following is Cambodia, where one reporter was killed in 2014.

New Picture

Source: RSF

Jagendra Singh, a freelancer for Hindi-language papers for more than 15 years, died from burn injuries in Uttar Pradesh state after he posted an article on Facebook accusing a government minister of involvement in illegal mining and land seizures. Sandeep Kothari, another Hindi language reporter, was found dead in neighbouring Madhya Pradesh. Police said local organized crime members had pressured him to stop investigating illegal mining.

Ten environment reporters have been murdered since 2010, according to RSF’s tally. In the past five years, almost all (90 percent) of the murders of environmental journalists have been in South Asia (India) and Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Philippines and Indonesia.) The one exception is Russia. Mikhail Beketov, the editor of Khimkinskaya Pravda, a local paper based in the Moscow suburb of Khimki succumbed in April 2013 to the injuries he sustained in November 2008 while campaigning against the construction of a motorway through Khimki forest.

The RSF report points out that journalists who cover environmental issues live in a dangerous climate and are exposed to potentially devastating forces. “We are not talking about nature’s hurricanes, squalls, downpours or lightning,” says Christophe Deloire, RSF Secretary-General. At the intersection of political, economic, cultural and sometimes criminal interests, the environment is a highly sensitive subject, and those who shed light on pollution or any kind of planetary degradation often get into serious trouble, Deloire said in the report.

The situation of environmental reporters has worsened in many countries since 2009, when RSF conducted the first global study on the issue. Environment stories range from global warming to deforestation, the exploitation of natural resources, pollution – issues that often involve more than just protection of the environment, especially when they shed light on the illegal activities of industrial groups, local organized crime and even government officials. Environment reporters are often pitted against very strong lobbies and end up paying a high price for their journalistic pursuits. RSF says, like political and business reporters, many environmental reporters acknowledge being approached by companies trying to bribe them.

RSF notes that forming peer associations to protect themselves would be a better way of dealing with these atrocities instead of fighting lonely battles against mighty corporations, corrupt politicians and mafia groups.

Aerosols contributing to climate change in India, China

Our freelance writer Biplab Das dug out an interesting research paper from Geophysical Research Letters this week. Though the authors are from Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois; NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York; they have been working on the contribution of aerosols  to climate change in India and China.

It is worth pointing out here that there has been very little study of the contribution of aerosol emissions from India and China to radiative forcing. Radiative forcing is the process through which about 30 per cent of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface is reflected back into space as invisible infrared light.  Aerosols generated by human activities reflect infrared light generated by reflected sunlight, thereby trapping it in the atmosphere. This alters radiative forcing, resulting in climate change. Recent studies have identified aerosol emission, particularly black carbon emission from industrializing countries like India and China, as emission control targets for mitigating climate change.

Coal burning is one of the key contributors to aerosol emissions.

Coal burning is one of the key contributors to aerosol emissions.{credit}Joerg Boethling / Alamy{/credit}

So the researchers have found that these small airborne particles called aerosols (for example, black carbon particles in diesel exhaust and sulfate particles produced by coal burning) in India and China may indirectly contribute to climate change. Higher black carbon levels in the atmosphere lead to warming, whereas increased sulfate levels cause cooling.

To find out the situation in India and China, the researchers examined emissions from the most important aerosol sources in the two neighbouring countries and estimated the net radiative forcing from each source, both locally and globally. In this analysis, they used models developed by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Major emission sources of black carbon are diesel truck and bus exhaust and residential biofuel and fossil-fuel combustion. For organic carbon, residential biofuel and fossil-fuel combustion are important sources. The study found that fossil-fuel combustion in the power sector accounts for 52.3 per cent of sulphur dioxide emission in India.

The researchers reveal that residential biofuel combustion in both India and China gave rise to significant positive direct radiative forcing through black carbon emission. They say that aerosol emission from diesel trucks and buses also makes a positive contribution to radiative forcing in India.

References

1. Streets, D. G. et al. Radiative forcing due to major aerosol emitting sectors in China and India. Geophys. Res. Lett. (2013) doi: 10.1002/grl.50805

India’s no to dolphinarium

Here’s some more news on India’s national aquatic animal, the Gangetic dolphin.

Last week, India’s ministry of environment and forests banned creation of any dolphinarium across the country that might attract tourists with dolphin shows or similar such commercial use of the friendly mammal, elevated to the status of national aquatic animal less than four years back.

The ministry’s Central Zoo Authority said in a circular that various state governments and tourism development corporations had been receiving proposals to develop such dolphinarium in recent years. But since India’s Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 says that captive animals can be kept for exhibition only in ‘zoos’ (that includes circus and rescue centres), the dolphinarium will fall under the definition of ‘zoo’.

The ministry also observed that since the endangered Gangetic dolphin is India’s national aquatic animal and a highly intelligent and sensitive species, it is morally unacceptable to keep it captive for entertainment purpose. The ministry has advised state governments to reject any such proposal for dolphinarium by organizations or agencies.

A fisherman with a Gangetic Dolphin.

A fisherman with a Gangetic dolphin.{credit}CAPGD 2010{/credit}

The Gangetic dolphin was accorded the national aquatic animal status in 2009 when the 100 million year old species was found to face the danger of extinction within the next decade if not protected ferociously.

Poaching,  accidental killing, dolphin-fisherman competition for fish, use of dolphin products, construction of dams and barrages  and pollution of the river are named as some of the biggest threats to the dolphin population.

At last count, India had around 2,300 Gangetic dolphins. The World Wide Fund for Nature had said in 2009 before any large-scaled national intervention that its population was declining at a rate of 10 per cent annually.

India then launched a decadal programme (The Conservation Action Plan for the Gangetic Dolphin 2010-2020) which noted: “Just as the tiger represents the health of the forest and the snow leopard represents the health of the mountainous regions, the presence of the Dolphin in a river system signals its good health and biodiversity.”

Here’s hoping that all the action bears fruit and makes life somewhat better for the Gangetic dolphin by 2020.