{"id":4282,"date":"2013-04-12T10:00:28","date_gmt":"2013-04-12T09:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/?p=4282"},"modified":"2013-05-09T11:58:59","modified_gmt":"2013-05-09T10:58:59","slug":"can-we-raise-woolly-mammoths-from-their-pleistocene-grave","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/2013\/04\/12\/can-we-raise-woolly-mammoths-from-their-pleistocene-grave","title":{"rendered":"Can we raise woolly mammoths from their Pleistocene graves?"},"content":{"rendered":"

This post has been cross-posted from the OUP blog.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\"SLSharon Levy is a freelance science writer who specializes in making natural resource and conservation issues accessible for a broad audience. She is the author of\u00a0Once and Future Giants<\/a>, a book that introduces the idea that Ice Age megafauna extinctions hold important lessons for modern conservation. She lives in Humboldt County, California.<\/em><\/p>\n

Thousands of years after the last\u00a0woolly mammoth<\/a>\u00a0died, some bioengineers dream of resurrecting the species.\u00a0When I first heard their arguments, these folks struck me as the modern, high-tech version of snake-oil salesmen. The product they\u2019re promoting is not what they lead people to believe it is, and it won\u2019t do what people like to imagine it will.<\/p>\n

Mammoths\u00a0<\/a>and\u00a0mastodons<\/a>\u00a0once roamed throughout the Americas, as well as much of Europe and Asia.\u00a0There were several species, but the best-known is the woolly mammoth, a creature of the far north. Well-preserved carcasses have been discovered melting out of the permafrost in Siberia and the Yukon. There\u2019s been a lot of talk of\u00a0\u2018cloning\u2019<\/a>\u00a0a mammoth by using DNA recovered from bodies preserved in permafrost.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Smithsonian Woolly Mammoth. Photo by Kevin Burkett. Creative Commons License via Wikimedia Commons<\/p><\/div>\n

However, the genetic material in even the best-preserved mammoth specimens has been broken to bits, devoured by cold-adapted bacteria and shattered by thousands of years of freezing and thawing.\u00a0No mammoth sperm cell holding intact DNA\u2014a prerequisite for cloning\u2014has ever been found.\u00a0Using bits of ancient mammoth DNA, and referring to the genome of living elephants, researchers have pieced together much of the coding genome of the woolly mammoth\u2014the segments that direct the building of proteins. But the vast majority of the genome, whose functions are little understood, remains unmapped.<\/p>\n

Still, it\u2019s now theoretically possible to create a pseudo-mammoth.\u00a0This could be done by taking the genome of an Asian elephant, the closest living relative of the woolly mammoth, and splicing some sequences of mammoth DNA into it. This hybrid DNA could be inserted into an elephant sperm cell, which could then be used to artificially inseminate a female elephant. If the embryo developed and was carried to term, a mammoth-like animal would be born.\u00a0This is a big \u2018if\u2019, because elephant reproduction is slow and complex. Even in efforts to clone living animals, there are often multiple abortions before a live infant is born. And those babies often don\u2019t live long.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019d propose to make a hybrid elephant with the best features of modern elephants and of mammoths,\u201d George Church said at a recent TEDx conference on De-Extinction. \u00a0A genomics pioneer based at Harvard, Church is a master of genetic manipulation. His motivation for trying to raise the mammoth is obscure.\u00a0 When I spoke with him a couple of years back, he told me, \u201cYou can be very fussy and insist on getting the genome exactly right. Or you can go for something that has the main visible characteristics: the hair, the size, the tusk shape.\u201d\u00a0So, like many who imagine mammoths once again roaming the far north, Church was hung up on appearances.<\/p>\n

Experiments using ancient mammoth DNA sequences have shown that these cold-adapted elephants had a different form of the blood protein\u00a0hemoglobin<\/a>\u00a0compared to their modern cousins.\u00a0Mammoth hemoglobin, which picks up oxygen in the lungs and offloads it in the tissues, was designed to release oxygen under cold conditions, a feat that modern elephant hemoglobin can\u2019t perform.\u00a0So a gene for cold-adapted hemoglobin is now on Church\u2019s list of characteristics to splice into a mammothified elephant.\u00a0But how many other subtle factors made the mammoth what it was? \u00a0To believe that human technology can fabricate an animal that will fill the lost niche of the mammoth takes a lot of blind faith\u2014or hubris.<\/p>\n

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Woolly Mammoth. Photo by Flying Puffin. Creative Commons License via Wikimedia Commons.<\/p><\/div>\n

Mammoths lived in cold, dry prairies, an Ice Age habitat that\u00a0Palaeoecologists<\/a>\u00a0call the mammoth steppe, and that once covered great swathes of the planet. Today, the mammoth steppe has vanished. So if bioengineers managed to produce pseudo-mammoths, they\u2019d likely have no place to go. With a lot of luck, they might help to create their own habitat.\u00a0Ecologist Sergei Zimov is running a long-term experiment in northeastern Siberia which he calls Pleistocene Park. His goal is to bring large herbivores into the soggy tundra in the hope that their grazing will transform the landscape back into the productive grassland that existed in the days of the mammoth.\u00a0Large herbivores can shape their own habitats, a phenomenon that\u2019s been observed in African savannas as well as in the Arctic. Zimov has seen some signs of success with horses and muskoxen.\u00a0But whether mammoth-like animals could survive there is unknowable.<\/p>\n

While some dream of raising the mammoth, living elephants are under siege.\u00a0Poaching<\/a>\u00a0has reached a new peak; 62 percent of forest elephants in Central Africa were killed for their ivory over the last decade.\u00a0(It\u2019s worth noting that mammoth tusks were considerably larger: meaning a bigger pay-off of ivory for every animal killed).\u00a0Elephants often die in clashes with subsistence farmers in Africa and Asia.\u00a0 They need large stretches of habitat to survive, and land unoccupied by humans is becoming a rare and precious resource.<\/p>\n

Even bringing back species that were deliberately wiped out in much of North America within the last century remains controversial. The reintroduced gray wolf population in Yellowstone National Park is by many measures a great success: the animals thrived, and have helped to restore an array of other creatures, from beaver to songbirds. Still, as the wolf population has expanded beyond the park\u2019s boundaries, they\u2019ve been met with outrage and gunshots. Yellowstone\u2019s bison, the last free-roaming herd in the United States, gets the same reaction when the animals migrate out of the park in winters of heavy snow.<\/p>\n

Conservation efforts for these living\u00a0megafauna<\/a>\u00a0are chronically under-funded.\u00a0So it\u2019s hard to take the notion of raising a pseudo-mammoth, or any other long-extinct species, as a serious conservation move. The mammoth has been a favorite for resurrection, not because the idea is practical, but because the lost creature has such a strong hold on our imaginations.<\/p>\n

Still, it\u2019s probably not fair to compare all advocates of this idea to snake-oil salesmen. After watching a number of speakers at the TEDx De-Extinction conference passionately describe their dreams of raising not only the mammoth, but the thylacine and the passenger pigeon, I think many of these people are sincere. They believe they can raise dead species, and set them free to function in the wild.\u00a0But they\u2019re so focused on this vision that they seem disconnected from the reality of here and now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sharon Levy is a freelance science writer who specializes in making natural resource and conservation issues accessible for a broad audience. She is the author of\u00a0Once and Future Giants, a book that introduces the idea that Ice Age megafauna extinctions hold important lessons for modern conservation. She lives in Humboldt County, California.  Read more<\/a> Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":186,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,21,15,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-expeditions","category-featured","category-history-of-science","category-science-around-the-world"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/186"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4282"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4282\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.nature.com\/soapboxscience\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}