Belgian BOSS

Greetings from Belgium, land of beer, chocolate, moules frites and organic chemistry. I’m at the 11th Belgian Organic Synthesis Symposium (BOSS) in Ghent, and it has a line-up to die for: Hartwig, Du Bois, Enders, Shibasaki, Fuerstner and Trost, to name but a few.

The event kicked off with Erick Carreira giving a full day of talks, covering the many aspects of his work, from total synthesis to hardcore catalyst design. He was initially almost thwarted by microphone feedback reminiscent of the sound effects from Close Encounters of the Third Kind (only louder). For some reason, even in the 21st century, conference organizers can’t get microphones to work properly. But once the sound problems were overcome, the talks were great. There are very few people that I’d happily listen to all day, but Carreira is one of them.

While talking about his work preparing an analogue of Amphotericin B, Carreira mentioned something that has become a theme of the conference – the continuing importance of total synthesis. There has been much touting of metabolic engineering – genetically modifying organisms to produce analogues of natural products – as an alternative to total synthesis. But as Carreira points out, it takes years to work out biosynthetic pathways in an organism, and then to modify that organism to knock out part of a pathway to produce just one analogue of a metabolite. Chemists can do the job in much the same time (or in less time, depending on the complexity of the molecules), and can also introduce chemical groups that simply don’t occur naturally – which is vital for drug discovery.

Carreira certainly wasn’t dismissing metabolic engineering out of hand – he acknowledged that the field is advancing all the time, and that it undoubtedly has a bright future for making complex organic molecules. But we’re also getting better and better at organic synthesis, so there will always be room for both chemical and biological strategies. Carreira’s 35-deoxy- analogue of Amphotericin B was invaluable in helping to unravel the biological mechanism of action of the parent compound – something that biologists have so far been unable to do alone. So here’s to a future of collaboration with our colleagues in the life sciences.

Andy

Andrew Mitchinson (Senior Editor, Nature)

Chemiotics: Unrequired reading

Posted on behalf of Retread

If you look back at your notes on thermodynamics, you are likely to find a blizzard of partial derivatives, state functions and total differentials. As an organic chemist, I had an intuitive understanding of the thermodynamics I needed at the molecular level (actually it’s pretty simple), but the math and the big ideas were not friends. Should you be in the same boat and wish to get the big picture, have a look at “Four Laws that Drive the Universe” by Peter Atkins. It’s 124 small pages, written extremely well and bounces back and forth between the macroscopic and the microscopic illuminating each by the other. If there is a derivative to be found, I missed it.

The book may produce in you physics envy (with apologies to Freud). On p. 45 you will find a discussion of Noether’s theorem, which states that under all the conservation laws of physics lies a symmetry. The first law (conservation of energy) is really about the symmetry of time flow — e.g., “time flows steadily, it does not bunch up and run faster then spread out and run slowly.” Chemistry just doesn’t have statements of such majesty (or strangeness).

If you liked Atkins you’ll love “Boltzmann’s Atom” by David Lindley. It concerns Boltzmann’s trials and tribulations as he developed statistical mechanics. As a neurologist I doubt that they drove him to suicide at 62 (he sounds pretty loosely wrapped throughout his life). Boltzmann’s big opponent was Ernst Mach, who didn’t see the need for atoms as an explanatory device. Mach’s view was that physics should establish laws tying observable phenomena together — e.g., the ideal gas law etc, etc… Postulating something you couldn’t see to explain something you could, was not considered science (by Mach and his followers). Pretty strange to our way of thinking today, but these were the events of just over 100 years ago.

However, vestiges of Mach’s thinking linger on in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics. As junior chemistry majors in the 50s we had to read “The Logic of Modern Physics” written by P. W. Bridgeman in 1927. It was our introduction to quantum mechanics (as none of us had the math to tackle it). All you could hope to predict by a theory were ‘numbers on a dial’. Going deeper, by hoping for a trajectory explaining things was a no no (the nodes in atomic and molecular orbitals pretty much rule out trajectories don’t they?). The book drove us nuts at the time, as chemistry back then was firmly on the macroscopic side of the quantum mechanical divide.

Gibbs and Maxwell make their appearance in Lindley’s book, as does the culture and politics of Austria-Hungary before WWI, so there is some breathing room for the reader. One of the founders of physical chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald, also appears. He doesn’t come off too well — he was enamored of something called energetics, which to Boltzmann (and to Lindley who is a physicist) meant that he really didn’t understand physics very well.

Atoms were finally accepted after Einstein’s work on Brownian motion in 1905 (also described). Parenthetically, there was a similar controversy ending about the same time, as to whether the brain was made of cells, and whether individual neurons existed, or whether the whole brain was a big gemish of nuclei and fibers.

Periodic Table of Videos

OK OK, it’s another periodic table – but we’re CHEMISTS and we love ’em. This one really is quite different though.

Martyn Poliakoff and his colleagues at Nottingham University have got together with video journalist Brady Haran to create short videos about every single element. It’s still a work in progress, but they’re only missing 20. The Daily Telegraph describes the clips as ‘lively’ and containing ‘explosive experiments that are now rarely carried out in British schools’ – you have been warned!

You can even subscribe to the YouTube feed to be notified when they upload new ones.

For those hungry for more explosions, we can recommended searching for Group 1 or 2 metals on YouTube…

Neil

Neil Withers (Associate Editor, Nature Chemistry)

Materials Girl: Comparisons

Posted on behalf of Materials Girl

Summer break highlights the differences between the working world and academia — notably at the undergraduate level and below. While the ‘lower’ students generally have three months of relaxation, professors, grad students, and others in the workforce must keep working (or catching up on it). In previous years, I imagined that being a perpetual student or teacher would leave summers utterly free for my own time. Hah. Hah.

During the past school year, my experience researching in a materials lab revealed the world of graduate studies and taught that school never ends – especially for the motivated grad student. Now, interning with an industrial research lab is conditioning me to the clockwork of getting up at the crack of dawn, working a 9–5 (or longer), then having to eat, socialize with neighbors, and run errands early in the evening before going to bed. Needless to say, it is quite a difference from the undergrad life of taking classes — ideally at 10am, spending just some time in lab, and staying up to the crack of dawn studying…

I have yet to determine which I prefer. The corporate lifestyle is somewhat automated, but not necessarily with the harassed, stressful, all-night pace of exams, research, and the general insanity associated with academia. In the end, as long as there is something to interest and drive the intellectual mind, it should all work out – but that could be the hardest part. I’ve got a few more years still to decide ‘what I want to be when I grow up’.

NChem Research Highlights: Ionic liquids, electronic noses and tuning tubes

Morning everyone, it’s Research Highlights time.

First up, Gav covers a paper from our sister journal, Nature Materials. It’s by Michael Grätzel and colleagues, and they’ve developed stable ionic liquid mixtures to use in solar cells.

Although sniffer dogs aren’t out of a job just yet, ‘electronic noses’ are getting better. Here’s one that combines peptides with Si nanowires to sniff out molecules in the gas phase.

A lot of work on porous materials is focused on the size of the pores, but it looks like subtle changes in the materials building blocks can affect the reactivity of guest molecules.

And finally, we love this video of a chemical party that promotes the EU-funded Marie Curie Actions to support ‘training and mobility activities for researchers’.

Neil

Neil Withers (Associate Editor, Nature Chemistry)

Reactions – Heather Maynard

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

I have always been curious about how things work and liked solving puzzles. In fact, when I was very young, I conducted experiments on plants, systematically exposing them to different conditions such as sunlight and drops of water in order to determine the optimal conditions for growth. So when I was in junior high and learned about chemistry, I realized that this was the field that interested me. At the age of twelve, I decided to be a chemistry professor.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

I would work in animal conservation. Protecting the diversity of the earth’s wildlife from loss of habitat and the effects of global warming is something I feel passionate about. Whether I would study genetics of endangered species at a place like the San Diego Wild Animal Park or would work in the field on an animal management team, I am not sure.

3. How can chemists best contribute to the world at large?

We already contribute greatly to the world: everything from making life-saving drugs to extra-absorbent diapers. I think chemists will continue to play a crucial role in society, making positive impacts in alternative energy, combating world disease, and purifying drinking water, to name a few.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

Michelangelo. I once read a book about him that also discussed more generally the chemistry of frescos and paints. I would be really interested to talk with him about how frescoes are made and how he was able to carve the statue of David such that the proportions are correct to the distant viewer. I would like to know if he did indeed paint parts of the Sistine Chapel with both hands by memory rather than by drawings to save time. Besides, I suppose I would get to eat some good Italian food.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

It was approximately two years ago — I made protein reactive initiators to polymerize styrene. Members of my group continued that work, synthesizing polystyrene that binds to free cysteines and aldehydes at one or both ends. We are currently preparing derivatives of these initiators to form protein-based nanocapsules for delivery of hydrophobic drugs.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one CD would you take with you?

The book is easy — I would take Norton’s Anthology of Poetry. I would never tire of reading it. For the CD, I would take some Hawaiian music as that would be definitely appropriate for a desert island.

Heather Maynard is in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, and works on protein conjugation to polymers and surfaces for biomedical applications and nanotechnology.

Materials Girl: Silence speaks for itself

Posted on behalf of Materials Girl

It feels as though many months have passed since I last posted – every closing term of the school year loves to drag on forever. My third year as an undergraduate is over!

After a mad scramble with finals, moving out of a dorm room, repacking for an apartment, and driving many miles, I am now settled in Silicon Valley for the summer. Housing is provided through a joint program between a local university and research center, and I have rather gleefully been absorbing the new surroundings. The next few months will be spent getting up at 6:30 am, commuting to work, basking in chemicals, researching nanorods, attending meetings/seminars, and avoiding the status of ‘sleepy, zombified intern’…

More to come.

NChem Research Highlights: Self-healing coatings, bacterial inhibitors and single-molecule magnets

We have just the thing to pick you up from your post-weekend back-to-work blues: another selection of research highlights.

Our first highlight reports work on a clever self-healing coating, made-up of several nanolayers, that can heal itself after being scratched.

In the second selection, Ros highlights the synthesis of dendritic scaffolds that could have potential as bacterial infection inhibitors.

Single-molecule magnets are the focus of the third highlight, more specifically the modification of their properties by encapsulating them with polyoxometalate ligands.

And finally, following on from our previous post on periodic tables: Daniel over on “The Great Beyond” told us of a new and strange chemistry creature — a chemical element elephant.

Gav

Gavin Armstrong (Associate Editor, Nature Chemistry)

Reactions – Stephen Davey

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

The serious but predictable answer is a couple of really good science teachers, so thanks should go to the inspirational Andrew Munro and Jeremy Bushrod. The fun answer is John Nettles. I guess I should qualify that answer. It was my enthusiasm for a variety of TV cop shows – I use the term broadly to encompass a whole variety of mystery drama that initially made me consider forensic science as a career. Thankfully one or both of the above teachers encouraged me to keep my options open and study something broader – like chemistry. It’s a relief that at university I became more interested in organic chemistry, since I’ve saved myself from needing to be an expert in pathology, ballistics, analytical chemistry and all the other multi-talents exhibited by the average main character in these shows. Don’t get me wrong, I still watch these things, but the truth about the science gets heavily bent by the writer’s artistic licence.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

I’m now too old to dream about becoming a professional sportsman of any sort, but whilst at the University of Sheffield, I took up playing snooker. I’m not good enough to do that professionally either, but I think I could make a decent stab at being a referee. I’d get to travel the world while doing something I love, and everyday would be different. The similarities to being a journal editor are quite frankly astonishing.

3. How can chemists best contribute to the world at large?

Aside from the obvious – solutions to disease, food shortage, energy, etc. – I think it would be great if we could dispel some of the myths about science. I’m forever disappointed that science is presented in schools as a long list of undeniable facts – the result of which is that many people who potentially could be great scientists are turned off at an early age and never return.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

Francis Bacon, one of the fathers of modern science philosophy. In many ways this relates to my answer to question 3. I’d also like to be able to check and dispel the myth that he was Shakespeare.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

In the midst of the sink of entropy that was my fume cupboard – ask any who have shared a lab with me – it was probably a diazo-thioketone coupling reaction that is the cornerstone of making some of the light driven molecular motors of the Feringa group. I was rather pleased as I achieved a >90% yield in a reaction that was often problematic, although I think the particular combination of reactants I was using was the telling factor.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one CD would you take with you?

Queens’s greatest hits – I’m not sure how this works, but I know from experience that with time all music kept in a car becomes a Queen CD. I thought perhaps taking this with me would mean I would have access to a whole selection of music. As for the book – March’s Organic chemistry! No, seriously I’d have to take a fairly hefty tome though, I rarely read a book twice and I’d need something to keep me going for a long while once I realised that the Queen CD was a bad idea. Perhaps a survival guide might be a good idea as well – particularly if it included instructions on how to build a raft out of coconut shells.

Stephen Davey is an Associate Editor for Nature Chemistry.