Nature Climate Change

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Nature Climate Change will launch later in 2010. It will be a monthly journal providing in-depth coverage of scientific and impact-based research relating to the Earth’s changing climate. A multidisciplinary journal, Nature Climate Change will publish high-quality papers across both the natural and social sciences, as well as place the latest research into a wider economic, social and political context. The journal’s scope will cover research in the climate sciences but will cast a wider net to cover the implications of climate change for the economy, policy and society. As well as reflecting the traditional core subjects relating to climate change and its impacts, such as atmospheric science, biogeochemistry, geography, geomorphology, ecology, environmental economics, geoengineering, modelling and prediction, oceanography, palaeoclimatology and paleaoecology, the journal will also cover related subjects including climate and society interactions, political impacts and environmental assessment and management. More information about the journal is available here.

Contact the journal.

A limited number of personal subscriptions to Nature Climate Change will be made freely available to researchers working on the scientific understanding and impact of the Earth’s changing climate as well as policy makers, economists, sociologists and other researchers on the periphery of climate related research. Further information about qualifying for a free subscription will be available shortly via the journal’s website.

General subscription information for Nature Climate Change.

See also: Climate Feedback, the blog that facilitates discussion on climate change, covering the latest research, news, opinion and analysis. It is an informal forum for debate and commentary among the science community and the wider interested public on climate science in our journals and others, in the news, and in the world at large.

Nature’s Middle East portal

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The Arab world has a rich history of scientific enquiry. During the Golden Age of Science, the Arab world was influenced by texts from neighbouring regions of Greece, Persia and India, and built on them with great discoveries and inventions such as algebra, optics, medicine and many others. For more than 500 years Arabic was the language of science. Following translation into Latin, Arabic scholarship fed back to these neighbouring regions and helped lay the foundation for the European enlightenment and current Western science.

Nature Middle East has been created with an understanding of the potential of the Arab world to once again be an important centre of science. It covers a diverse group of 18 nations: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Nature Middle East is about recognizing the contribution of many different peoples working together, united by a common language.

Nature Middle East is a comprehensive portal site for information on scientific and medical research in the Arabic-speaking Middle East, the research community and its activities. It is a site with a broad scope that caters for scientific and medical researchers at all levels, from students to post-doctoral fellows to principal investigators. Most importantly, Nature Middle East will be a unique online platform for the scientific and medical research community to connect, network and exchange information or ideas, to promote good science and stimulate research and debate.

In its March Editorial, Nature Cell Biology ( 12, 201;2010) welcomes this newest NPG regional gateway: “Nature Publishing Group has initiatives that aim to stitch together scientific communities within specific regions. As this issue of Nature Cell Biology goes to press, ”https://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast/">Nature Middle East, a website dedicated to serving the science community in Arabic-speaking countries of the Middle East, is being launched. The site aims to become a comprehensive source of information on scientific and medical research, with a target audience of students, postdoctoral trainees and principal investigators from Arabic-speaking countries across the Middle East, and for researchers outside the region who may have an interest in the emerging science of the Arab world. Following the success of two equivalent gateways — Nature China and Nature India — Nature Middle East will have content mainly in English, with some content being translated into Arabic. The content will include highlights of select research published in Nature journals and elsewhere, news items and commentaries. By providing links to jobs and events in the region and creating a platform for discussion via blogs and other online social networking tools, the website will also serve as a networking forum to engage the science community in this region, and facilitate further integration with the global scientific community.

A global scientific society that values open communication, collaboration and sharing of resources could become a powerful medium for change if these attributes take root in other spheres of human activity."

Nature Genetics wants proportional representation

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This is a shortened version of the Editorial in the March issue of Nature Genetics (42, 187; 2010).

Nature Genetics publishes papers from a very broad geographical catchment, and we invite peer referees from among the world’s best genetics researchers in order to attract and publish papers of a uniformly high standard. We need to do more to recruit outstanding referees from under-represented regions.

Editors make lab visits and meet authors at conferences not only to learn about research that is ready to be published in the journal, but also to hear critical comments from authors about research published in the journal. These conversations are often a good way to identify potential new peer referees who will be committed to raising the standard of the papers we publish. Because we are full-time editors and we do not have a formal editorial board of advisors, constant feedback about our own decisions and the advice we receive from referees helps shape our ever-improving criteria for accepting manuscripts. New contacts also allow us move the focus and expand the scope of the journal to take advantage of fruitful fields of research as they open up.

We are proud that genetics and genomics are among the most global fields of science, bringing us diverse projects from many countries as well as international collaborative research—more than half of the research articles we publish are the products of more than one country. We are also concerned about understanding disparities by country and region in the ratio of submissions to successful publications. Yes, we decide editorially which submissions to send to review (currently about 20%) and when the papers are ready to publish, but the advice the authors and we receive during review is key. So is quality. For us simply to send more papers from less successful regions out for review is not a sustainable way to achieve more publications.

Although we need to work with “calibrated” expert referees who can consistently provide us with the best advice, we are constantly adding referees to the papers we send to review. This process ensures that new referees see more excellent papers, understand the standards applied by referees and editors, and make their own advice clearer and more useful. We believe that researchers who act as referees also benefit because experience gained while reviewing other people’s papers will make them more likely to have success with their own papers here and at all high-quality journals. Regional discrepancies will be progressively corrected as we recruit referees. Most importantly for us, this journal will incorporate their advice and standards and continue to grow.

Nature Genetics journal homepage.

Nature Genetics guide to authors.

Special focus on genome instability

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The March issue of Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology presents a web focus on genome instability. The integrity of the genome is crucial for tumour suppression and for the propagation of genomic information to subsequent generations. DNA damage can result from cellular metabolism, exogenous genotoxic agents or routine errors in DNA replication and recombination. To combat these attacks and maintain genome integrity, cells have evolved a response system that induces cell cycle arrest, allowing sufficient time for DNA repair by specialized proteins. The DNA damage response system activates the appropriate DNA repair pathway or, in the case of irreparable damage, induces apoptosis. The special focus contains research highlights, review articles, a journal club and a NPG library of related articles. There is also a brief editors’ summary of the contents.

Accompanying the same issue of Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a Poster, by Eric J. Bennett, Mathew E. Sowa and J. Wade Harper, which illustrates the different deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) families and highlights the cellular pathways in which some DUB-associated complexes act. Download a copy here.

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology journal home page.

About the journal.

All Nature Reviews journals in the life and clinical sciences.

Making your mark on the journal cover

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The Editorial in the March issue of Nature Chemistry (2, 147; 2010) provides some advice for authors keen to feature on the cover of a Nature journal. From the Editorial:

Journal covers provide a convenient focal point for the content that lies inside them and are often used in marketing campaigns — whether in simple adverts, or as posters and calendars. It is not only the publisher that benefits, however, and it is quite common to see journal covers feature prominently on slides during talks or on the walls of offices and corridors in academic institutions. They are a source of pride and may also offer increased exposure to a group of researchers and their work.

Although the era of print might be drawing to a close, the idea of collating articles into manageable portions — whether linked in time or by subject area — is one that may persist for some time. And for as long as it does, there will be a case for grouping such collections together under a banner of some sort; one that will undoubtedly draw on artwork associated with its content. Paper journals may disappear, but the concept of a cover may not.

At Nature Chemistry, the cover image of a particular issue is generally one of the last few items to be finalized before we go to press. Once we have decided on which articles will go into an issue, we take a closer look at the suggestions sent to us by their authors. Although we do applaud the optimism and/or confidence of those who submit cover art at the time of initial submission of a manuscript, we generally encourage authors to supply us with cover suggestions once we know that their paper will be accepted for publication.

Beauty is, of course, in the eye of the beholder, and what may look like a stunning piece of creative artistry to one individual, might not make others feel the same way. What counts at Nature Chemistry is that you impress the editorial and production teams, who all get to have their say — and, in particular, the art editor. It’s often best to keep things simple and we encourage those in a position to submit cover art suggestions to look at the sort of images that we’ve featured in the past. Throwing together composite images with lots of different objects styled in different ways on a somewhat arbitrary background just doesn’t do it for us. Send us striking images, with no Nature Chemistry logo and no cover lines.

Once the cover image is decided, the final step of the process involves the editorial team thinking up some occasionally witty, but always informative, cover lines that will hopefully grab the readers’ attention. Occasionally the lines are obvious, others come in a flash of inspiration, and some are a challenge that turns into a lengthy chore that frustrates for hours or days. As with the artwork itself, some turn out to be better than others. Finally, a brief description of the cover art is written by the editor handling the paper that triumphed in the battle to be on the cover, and this finds its way on to the table of contents.

Finally, we’d just like to note that we do not charge for cover images, and nor do we ask for a contribution towards the cost of the cover. Images are chosen for their aesthetic appeal and not on whether an author can afford to pay — after all, we need to put something on the outside cover of the journal! Similarly, the choice to feature a particular article on the cover of the journal does not imply that we think it is better than the other papers in the issue — we believe everything we publish to be outstanding! It really does come down to what we judge to be the most striking image.

Nature Chemistry journal website.

Nature Chemistry guide to authors.

How Nature selects papers for publication

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This is a shortened version of an editorial in Nature ( 463, 850; 2010 ; free to read online).

One myth that never seems to die is that Nature‘s editors seek to inflate the journal’s impact factor by sifting through submitted papers (some 16,000 last year) in search of those that promise a high citation rate. We don’t. Not only is it difficult to predict what a paper’s citation performance will be, but citations are an unreliable measure of importance. Take two papers in synthetic organic chemistry, both published in June 2006. One, ‘Control of four stereocentres in a triple cascade organocatalytic reaction’ (D. Enders et al. Nature 441, 861–863; 2006), had acquired 182 citations by late 2009, and was the fourth most cited chemistry paper that we published that year. Another, ‘Synthesis and structural analysis of 2-quinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate’ (K. Tani and B. M. Stoltz Nature 441, 731–734; 2006), had acquired 13 citations over the same period. Yet the latter paper was highlighted as an outstanding achievement in Chemical and Engineering News, the magazine of the American Chemical Society.

Indeed, the papers we publish with citations in the tens greatly outnumber those in the 100s, although it is the latter that dominate our impact factor. We are proud of our full spectrum.

Another long-standing myth is that we allow one negative referee to determine the rejection of a paper. On the contrary, there were several occasions last year when all the referees were underwhelmed by a paper, yet we published it on the basis of our own estimation of its worth. That internal assessment has always been central to our role; Nature has never had an editorial board. Our editors spend several weeks a year in scientific meetings and labs, and are constantly reading the literature. Papers selected for review are seen by two or more referees. The number of referees is greater for multidisciplinary papers. We act on any technical concerns and we value the referees’ opinions about a paper’s potential significance or lack thereof. But we make the final call on the basis of criteria such as the paper’s depth of mechanistic insight, or its value as a data resource or in enabling applications of an innovative technique.

At the same time, we operate on the strict principle that our decisions are not influenced by the identity or location of any author. Almost all our papers have multiple authors, often from several countries. And we commonly reject papers whose authors happen to include distinguished or ‘hot’ scientists.

Yet another myth is that we rely on a small number of privileged referees in any given discipline. In fact, we used nearly 5,400 referees last year, and are constantly recruiting more — especially younger researchers with hands-on expertise in newer techniques. We use referees from around the scientifically developed world, whether or not they have published papers with us, and avoid those with a track record of slow response. And in highly competitive areas, we will usually follow authors’ requests and our own judgement in avoiding referees with known conflicts of interest.

Myths about journals will continue to proliferate. We can only attempt to ensure that the processes characterized above remain as robust and objective as possible, in our perpetual quest to deliver to our readers the best science that we can muster.

Editors’ advice on writing scientific papers

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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (17, 139 ;2010) provides some writing advice for scientists: “less is more when it comes to writing a good scientific paper. Tell a story in clear, simple language and keep in mind the importance of the ‘big picture’.”

Editors and reviewers regularly have to slog through papers that seem to go on forever and, more dishearteningly, have the main points and interesting bits inexplicably hidden, when they assess them for possible publication. NSMB provides some pointers, a few of which are provided here:

Tell a story. We all love listening to a good story. And we all tell stories, but some are better at it than others, and those who tell the best stories are most able to get their points across. How you got your data is not that important—we don’t need a chronology (first we did this, then we did that, etc.). Instead, now that you have the data and have interpreted them a certain way, think about how best to tell a story in light of all the previous work in the field, the question(s) you are addressing and why that question is important. How do your results advance our understanding of the question(s)? Have you discovered something new or unexpected? Consider how your findings fit into the broader context of the field, whether they are likely to change the way people in the field will think about the topic and how they will drive further experiments in the future.

Be clear. Making your story clear is not the same thing as dumbing it down. No reviewer has ever said that a paper was too easy to read. We do, however, get complaints from reviewers about how complicated, convoluted or downright confusing a paper is. Clear, simple language allows the data and their interpretation to come through. Remember that clarity is especially important when you are trying to get complicated ideas across. Keep the jargon to a minimum and explain the terms you do use. When you’re done, give your paper to a scientist outside your field and ask that person to read it for clarity. He or she will be able to point out all the remaining jargon, whether the experimental design, results and data interpretation are clear and how interesting your paper is to someone working in another area.

Provide an informative title and abstract. PubMed allows one to search through ~19 million citations, and Table of Contents e-alerts bring you the latest from your favorite journals. And what do you see when your e-alert arrives or your search is complete?—the title and abstract. Most people will stop there without reading any further, so don’t blow it with a boring title. Make the abstract clear and try to get the ‘big picture’ across. Do not get bogged down in details. As an author, this is also your chance to draw your readers in, to entice them to read on. If the title and abstract are comprehensible to only a handful of people directly in your field, you have greatly narrowed the potential readership of your paper.

NSMB journal website.

Nature journals’ advice on how to write a scientific paper, which provides links to several independent resources.

How to get published in a Nature journal.

Nature Medicine on access to and integrity of data

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Everybody agrees that ensuring the integrity and accessibility of research data is crucial for scientific progress. Agreeing on the best way to do so is the hard part, says Nature Medicine in its February Editorial ( 16, 131; 2010).

Technological advances have enabled researchers to tackle questions that involve generating vast amounts of data, posing challenges concerning data analysis, manipulation, annotation, sharing and storage that researchers, institutions, funders and journals have not yet fully grasped. How should data be annotated before being stored in a database so that it can be as useful as possible to other researchers? Should data-sharing requirements be extended to the computer codes that were used to analyze the data? Who should have access to the data, and who pays for data storage and management?

These questions will become more pressing as further technological advances make it even easier to produce ever larger data sets, and it won’t be simple come up with the answers. The US National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine published a report called Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, focusing on data integrity, access and long-term preservation, and providing a useful framework around which to organize what has become an urgent dialogue.

The conclusions of the report, while worthy, are hardly news to those who have pondered these issues. At the Nature journals, for example, data sharing has long been a requirement for publication, and the editors directly insist to authors that they must fulfill their commitment to sharing when other researchers have reported difficulty in obtaining data and materials. The merit of the acadamies’ report does not lie in its recommendations but in its disciplined analysis of the current state of play, its multidisciplinary perspective on the problems and its identification of the tough questions that scientists, institutions, funders and journals need to answer to move forward, even though it provides little in terms of answers.

The Editorial goes on to further analyse the issues raised by the report, concluding that scientists themselves should develop the right standards, lobby for the resources to set up the appropriate infrastructure and decide on the right measures to deter other scientists from data mismanagement. Data may not be the legal property of scientists, but looking after the data is certainly their responsibility.

Nature Medicine journal website.

Nature journals’ policy on availability of data and materials.

Nanotechnology and food

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The food industry will only reap the benefits of nanotechnology if issues related to safety are addressed and companies are more open about what they are doing. This ethical question is addressed by Nature Nanotechology in its February Editorial (5, 89; 2010), an excerpt from which follows.

So far nanotechnology has largely escaped becoming ‘the next GM’ — which is shorthand for the rejection of genetically modified food by the public in the UK and elsewhere in Europe — but this has largely been because many applications of nanotechnology have been inherently non-controversial: who can object to stain-free trousers or faster computers? The popularity of products such as the iPod Nano has also helped with public acceptance of nanotechnology, even to the extent that distinctly non-nano products — such as the Tata Nano car — have sought to exploit the ‘nano’ brand. However, the introduction of nanomaterials into food and food packaging is a completely different matter, involving important factors that do not arise when developing new materials or electronic devices.

Nanotechnology could benefit the food industry and consumers in two main ways: by using engineered nanomaterials to reduce the amount of fat, salt or sugar in food without changing its taste; and by developing new packaging that keeps food fresher for longer and, possibly, tells the consumer if the food inside has gone off. Improved packaging might also allow more foods to be stored under ambient conditions, rather than in fridges and freezers, thus reducing energy consumption.

However, as made clear in a new report by the House of Lords’ Science and Technology Committee, there are relatively few foods (probably just two products) containing engineered nanomaterials on the market at present. There could be as many as 400 companies around the world are researching possible applications of nanotechnology in food and food packaging — and many of them don’t want their customers to know about this. The House of Lords’ committee says that it is “regrettable” that “far from being transparent about its activities, the food industry was refusing to talk about its work in this area.” While acknowledging that the food industry is afraid that the public might react negatively to food and food packaging that contains engineered nanomaterials, the Lords’ committee argues that “this is exactly the type of behaviour which may bring about the public reaction which it is trying to avert.”

Nanotechnology has much to offer to the food industry, and this report has much to offer food manufacturers, government, funding agencies and regulators.

Nature Nanotechnology journal website.

A climate of constructive communication

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February’s Editorial in Nature Reports Climate Change looks over the past two months, an unnerving time for the international climate community. Once seen as one of the most esteemed scientific organizations in the world, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has suffered some serious blows to its reputation.

First, ‘Climategate’ saw thousands of emails obtained illegally from the University of East Anglia posted on the Internet. Carefully timed ahead of international climate policy negotiations, the emails showed apparent attempts by a handful of IPCC climatologists to withhold data from climate deniers and to exclude contentious information from the panel’s report. Unsurprisingly, this cast doubt on the credibility of the UN body.

In addition, over the past month, the panel has admitted that a key statistic quoted in its 2007 report — that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 — was in error, and its source of dubious origin.

These unfortunate events do not call into question the evidence that warming is unequivocal and that human activity is the primary cause. But they undoubtedly create confusion among the public at a time, post-Copenhagen, when the world now lacks a unified vision of the way forward for climate policy.

For the IPCC, the challenge is clear. Faced with political inertia and denialism, they must communicate their results clearly and their message constructively. The 2007 report — and the Summary for Policymakers in particular — represented a giant leap forward for science communication. For the next report — due out in 2013 — the challenge will be greater still. In trying to understand the climate system more fully, scientists could reveal greater uncertainty about the range of possible climate outcomes. At the same time, policymakers and the public will demand greater certainty so that they can plan accordingly. The climate research community recognizes this problem. Now it must make a priority of addressing it.

See also: Climate of suspicion, Editorial (free to read online) in Nature 463, 269 (2010).

Nature Reports Climate Change homepage

Nature Reports Climate Change current issue.

Climate Feedback, the NRCC blog.