VIDEO: New imaging technique helps track disease deep in the brain

Researchers have devised a new imaging technique for peering deep inside the brains of mice to monitor neurons in real-time. The method, which, unlike standard approaches, allows investigators to track the same location in the brain for months, should offer new insights into cancer, neurological disease and trauma-induced conditions.

With the new method, “imaging is possible over a very long time without damaging the region of interest,” said Juergen Jung, a microscopist at Stanford University in California and a co-author of the study published online this week in Nature Medicine, in a press release.

The technology relies on miniature glass tubes, about half the width of a grain of rice, that are implanted into the deep brain of anaesthetized mice. A tiny optical instrument called a microendoscope is then threaded inside the tube, allowing researchers to return to exactly the same brain location — down to the level of an individual cell — repeatedly over weeks or months.

As a proof of principle, the Stanford team tracked the growth of glioma brain cancer cells. The following video shows a three-dimensional stack of 220 images each taken about 3 micrometers apart to reveal blood vessel growth in the hippocampus of wild-type mice.

Analogs of vitamin D prove their worth in fighting cancer and kidney failure

By Cassandra Willyard

calcitriol.jpgLate last year, the US Institute of Medicine released a report stating that research claiming any benefits from vitamin D beyond building strong bones is “inconsistent and inconclusive.” Although inert vitamin D supplements have yet to prove their worth, new research is increasingly showing that active analogs of the molecule can help fight a number of diseases, including cancer and chronic kidney failure.

Physicians already prescribe one such drug — calcitriol, an active form of vitamin D first synthesized in the 1970s — to treat rickets, psoriasis and vitamin D deficiencies sometimes seen with kidney disease.

But there is a drawback to calcitriol: high doses can lead to a surfeit of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. So investigators have been working to develop other vitamin D analogs that minimize this risk while maximizing the benefits.

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Image: NIDDK

Malaria vaccine holds strong in trial

freeborniwithlogo_300crop.jpgResearchers reported today that the most advanced experimental malaria vaccine developed to date, GlaxoSmithKline’s Mosquirix, provides African children with long-lasting protection against the infectious disease.

In the phase 2 trial, which tracked nearly 900 children in Kenya and Tanzania for 15 months, the risk of infection was cut by about half in those who received the experimental vaccine. The results are comparable with initial findings reported in 2008.

The study authors caution, however, that follow-up trials are still needed to test the efficacy of Mosquirix in children who are malnourished or are HIV-positive, according to Reuters.

With vaccine efficacy hovering at only around 50%, Louis Miller, head of malaria research at the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease in Bethesda, Maryland, says that a more protective vaccine is still needed. “It’s good, but they can do much better,” he told Nature Medicine.

To increase protection levels against the disease, last April UK-based GlaxoSmithKline announced a partnership with the Dutch biotech Crucell — the manufacturer of another vaccine currently in phase 1 trials in Burkina Faso — to develop a combined vaccine that integrates both companies’ candidate interventions.

Mosquirix is being co-developed by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The vaccine is currently in phase 3 clinical trials in 11 sites in seven countries across sub-Saharan Africa.

For more on the challenges of developing a malaria vaccine, see the Bench to Bedside and Bedside to Bench commentaries from this month’s issue of Nature Medicine.

Image of the malaria-spreading mosquito from the CDC

Pharma-academia partnerships boost research output but present unique conflicts

By Megan Scudellari

Pharmaceutical companies have sponsored research at academic centers for decades. But in the past few years, these collaborative agreements have escalated from small one-off contracts with individual labs to broad, big-money alliances that offer a hefty supply of perks but also a fair share of conflicts.

“Over the years, things have changed,” says Inder Verma, a Sanofi-Aventis–funded gene therapy researcher at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. “There’s greater and greater interest in seeing whether our discoveries have the potential to be used in translational research. And, really, who is better at that than industry?”

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Asia-Pacific countries join forces to support medical research

By Branwen Morgan

For several years, the idea of a multinational funding scheme to support research in the Asia-Pacific region has been brewing. Finally, at the biannual Australian Health and Medical Research Congress late last year, policymakers publicly discussed the merits and challenges of such a venture for the first time.

The congress in Melbourne, convened by the Australian Society for Medical Research (ASMR), attracted about 1,500 delegates from 18 countries. Dignitaries at the November event included Australia’s minister for mental health and aging and the acting consul-general of Japan.

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Acetaminophen capped in combinations

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In the past, we’ve covered the growing anxieties about the painkiller acetaminophen, which can cause liver problems and is often taken to excess. We’ve also reported on scientists’ worries that consumers are relatively unaware of the dangers of drug combinations. Today, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made an announcement that might lead people who harbor both concerns to let out a sigh of relief.

The agency has asked drug makers to limit the amount of acetaminophen to no more than 325 milligrams per pill when included in drug combinations. “Overdose from prescription combination products containing acetaminophen account for nearly half of all cases of acetaminophen-related liver failure in the United States; many of which result in liver transplant or death,” Sandra Kweder of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) said in a statement.

But even if this recent regulatory move addresses the problem of unintended acetaminophen overdose, the FDA still faces hurdles in the area of painkillers. The debate over opioid dosing, for one, certainly isn’t going away anytime soon.

Image from woodleywonderworks via Flickr Creative Commons

New York Academy of Sciences launches angel investment network

By Cassandra Willyard

New-York-Academy_crop.gifNew York City’s burgeoning bioscience industry got a boost on 18 November when the New York Academy of Sciences launched a new network to connect private investors with fledgling life science companies looking for funding. The network, which is comprised of angel investors—wealthy individuals who risk their own money—will finance companies working to commercialize drugs, medical devices and other healthcare products. The goal is to bridge the funding gap between academic technology transfer offices and late-stage investors such as big corporations and venture capital firms.

To be eligible for funding, inventors must submit an application and business plan to the Life Science Angel Network’s (LSAN) screening committee, a panel of scientists, physicians, venture capitalists and other technology development experts tasked with vetting proposals. The most promising applicants will have the opportunity to present their idea to the entire network.

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Panel backs new NIH center devoted to translational medicine

By Brian Vastag

Seven years after the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) first launched its Roadmap for Medical Research, a broad-sweeping initiative designed to bridge the so-called ‘valley of death’ of drug development, the agency is on the verge of creating a new center devoted specifically to the goal of accelerating the transition of therapies from the lab to the clinic.

On 7 December, the NIH’s Scientific Management Review Board (SMRB) voted 12 to 1 in favor of forming a center for translational medicine and therapeutics. At the meeting, NIH director Francis Collins called the decision “a momentous occasion” but stopped short of immediately endorsing the center. (In NIH parlance, a ‘center’ is one step down the structural hierarchy from an ‘institute’.) Agency watchers, however, widely expect Collins to move ahead with the idea.

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Playing with RNA has never been this much fun

logo.pngWith the tagline “Made by humans, scored by Nature,” the video game EteRNA is the latest in a growing craze of online science games that aim to harness the power of crowd-sourcing to uncover fundamental principles of biology.

Following in the footsteps of FoldIt, where players compete to find new protein structures, and Phylo, a game released last month in which participants use DNA sequences to uncover evolutionary relationships between species, the goal of EteRNA is to design new virtual RNA molecules based on computer models, with the top designs eventually being synthesized and tested out in the lab.

It might not become as popular as Angry Birds or Farmville, but the program’s developers hope that EteRNA will capture the competitive streak of citizen-scientists to help researchers find new tools in nanotechnology. “The dream is that within a year or so we will be able to create RNA that is functional and that we can transcribe into cells to do things such as sense light or even deactivate a virus,” said Stanford physicist Rhiju Das, one of EteRNA’s designers, told the New York Times.

In the following video, EteRNA developer Adrien Treuille, a computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University who also helped create FoldIt, describes the rationale behind the game.

Q&A: Lord Phil Willis discusses the importance of philanthropic support for biomedical research

By Asher Mullard

willis200.pngWhen Phil Willis, a former school headmaster turned politician, landed a seat on the UK government’s Science and Technology Committee in 2005, he found a way to make his mark as a nonscientist by obsessively asking for evidence from researchers. Now in the House of Lords, he continues to advise the government on biomedicine, among other topics. Willis recently found a new cause to champion as well, the Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC). The AMRC represents 124 UK nonprofits that collectively spend £1 billion ($1.6 billion) a year on biomedical research, around one third of the total amount of money put toward health research in the country. As Willis stepped into his role as chairman of the association in November, he spoke with Asher Mullard about his plans to drive the sector forward through tough economic times.

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Image by www.LibDems.org.uk