US panel calls for reform in human subject protection

Cross posted from Nature’s news blog blog on behalf of Gwyneth Dickey Zakaib.

In the wake of the 2010 discovery that U.S. government-funded scientists intentionally infected unknowing Guatemalan citizens with syphilis in the 1940s, President Obama has asked his Commission on for the Study of Bioethical Issues to take a good hard look at whether human subjects today are adequately protected in federally funded research.

At the commission’s 5th meeting on 18-19 May in the Warwick New York Hotel, an invited panel’s words rang loud and clear: the system may provide adequate protection, but it’s a mess.

“What began as a venture in confronting the misuse and abuse of research subjects has become a bureaucratized system of regulation that often misses the core of what the mission had begun to do,” says Ronald Bayer, a professor and co-chair of the Center for the History and Ethics of Public Health at Columbia University in New York City. He adds that regulation plays a crucial role, especially in light of history, but the core issues have fallen by the wayside.

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Researchers find genetic clues to overcoming African livestock disease

cows_SOS_250.jpgEach year, an estimated 30,000 people in Africa are diagnosed with the crippling muscle wasting disease known as sleeping sickness. But the problem is far worse for the dairy and meat-producing cattle upon which their lives depend, as an estimated 5 billion cows die of Nagana, the animal form of the disease. Now, scientists hope to generate heartier, disease-resistant cattle — and the discovery of two new genes reported this week could help with that goal.

“The two genes discovered in this research could provide a way for cattle breeders to identify the animals that are best at resisting disease,” said Stephen Kemp, a geneticist at the UK’s University of Liverpool, in a statement.

In 1989, Kemp set out to eradicate the tsetse fly-borne disease in cattle with a simple strategy: his team crossed typical farming cattle called zebus to related disease-resistant West African cattle known locally as N’damas. Then, the researchers looked for traits that conferred sleeping sickness in resistant cattle. But the classical genetic methods his team used to find disease-resistant traits proved inconclusive. Kemp and his colleagues discovered 10 segments of the genome that conferred resistance, but the regions were simply too large and contained far too many genes to pinpoint the exact loci responsible for resistance.

With the help of functional genomics, however, Kemp’s team has now pinpointed two potential resistance genes in these regions. Using microarrays, the researchers identified a suite of genes that were switched on or off after infection in the heartier N’dama cattle. And after resequencing two genes of interest integral to fighting infections — ARHGAP15, which regulates neutrophil function, and TICAM1, which regulates dendritic cell migration — they identified disease-resistant alleles that had likely evolved in these West African cattle breeds to protect them from the disease.

N’damas themselves aren’t particularly good at plowing fields or producing milk. But by crossing these two resistant alleles from N’damas into zebus, researchers hope to create cattle breeds that are both resistant to disease and commercially productive.

Meanwhile, New York University biochemist Jayne Raper is taking a different approach to creating heartier cattle. As highlighted in our January 2011 news feature, Raper is hoping to take a resistance gene called APOL1 found in primates and into insert it into African cattle to make genetically-engineered, sleeping sickness-resistant cattle.

Kemp’s strategy might be more politically palatable, however. As Sue Welburn, a molecular epidemiologist from the UK’s University of Edinburgh who studies sleeping sickness in Uganda, told Nature Medicine in January: “People are reluctant to accept anything transgenic.”

Image: Stamp Out Sleeping Sickness Campaign.

Qatar proposes national council to direct research efforts

By Mohammed Yahia

NHS_Logo.300.jpgOn 3 April, Qatar unveiled its first National Health Strategy (NHS), which covers the next five years and includes a plan to launch a new national governance body to better manage resources and projects across the various biomedical centers in the small Persian Gulf state. The newly proposed Qatar Medical Research Council (QMRC) will be based in Doha and will be responsible for coordinating research efforts between institutions and communicating the scientific outcomes to policymakers.

Currently, most of the scientific work taking place in Qatar is in basic biomedical research, and in 2006 the country committed to raising science funding to 2.8% of its gross domestic product. “Given the generous resources and the unwavering strive to excellence, it is worthwhile considering how to enhance the current elements involved in biomedical science and health research in Qatar,” says Momtaz Wassef, a former director of Qatar’s Department of Biomedical Research at the Supreme Council of Health who advised on the new NHS plan.

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Texas two-step: the Lone Star state lures two top scientists

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On Friday, the physician turned politician Ron Paul announced plans to seek the Republican presidential nomination. But Paul wasn’t the only medical professional making headlines in the Lone Star state. University officials last week announced that the Texas had also corralled a pair of leading scientists to lead research efforts at two of the state’s premier institutions.

University of Texas regents on Wednesday named Ronald DePinho as the next president of the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. A long-time cancer geneticist at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, in recent years DePinho has turned his attention to the aging process. For example, in January his research team reported in Nature that reactivating the enzyme telomerase reversed age-related tissue damage in mice.

The same day, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas announced that Sean Morrison, currently director of the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor’s Center for Stem Cell Biology, will lead a new effort to develop treatments for pediatric diseases. An outspoken advocate for stem cell research, Morrison successfully lobbied for Michigan’s Proposal 2, which gave the green light to human embryonic stem cell research in the Great Lake state in 2008.

DePinho will enter the ring next month when the UT board of regents formalizes its selection at its June meeting. Morrison is expected to mount his steed in Dallas by the end of August.

Image: Calsidyroise, Flickr

China’s new WHO flu monitoring center seeks to reverse criticism

By Hepeng Jia

flu250.jpgBEIJING — China has not always been a world leader when it comes to infectious disease surveillance. Severe acute respiratory syndrome caught the country by surprise in 2003, and, two years later, government officials went into denial after reports surfaced that H5N1 avian influenza had infected people and birds. But since those debacles, China has ramped up its screening efforts, building several infectious-disease institutes and more than 400 labs devoted to flu surveillance and testing, plus adding sentinel equipment to some 550 hospitals. So when H1N1 ‘swine flu’ struck four years later, the world’s most populous country was much better prepared.

“China has set up the world’s largest influenza surveillance network,” Yuelong Shu, director of the National Influenza Center, part of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), told Nature Medicine. And now, China can also boast being the first country in the developing world to host a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza.

Joining other collaborating centers in Australia, Japan, the UK and the US, the Beijing-based National Influenza Center will serve as a regional hub for monitoring and responding to flu outbreaks. The Chinese center will also host research into new antiviral medicines and help provide pandemic preparedness training for medical personnel from across East Asia.

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Image: H1N1, CDC’s Doug Jordan

Q&A: Straight talk with…George Radda

By David Cyranoski

radda250.jpgSingapore, the fastest growing economy in Asia last year, has enjoyed a decade of free-flowing research funding. Money is still pouring in, but the question remains whether money can buy international-class science, especially after the sudden attachment of strings to grant money starting last fall. Perhaps the best person to answer this question is Sir George Radda (he received his knighthood in 2000). Radda was the chief executive of the UK’s Medical Research Council (MRC) from 1996 to 2003. In his final year at the helm of the MRC, he had his first interaction with Singapore’s budding biomedical program as a member of the A*STAR Biomedical Sciences International Advisory Council. Shortly thereafter, Radda was asked to help with the next five years’ science and technology plan. A pioneer in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, he became the founding chairman of the Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, traveling to Asia nearly once a month before he moved to Singapore three years ago. In April 2009, he was appointed chairman of the city-state’s Biomedical Research Council (BMRC), which coordinates the country’s biomedical activities and oversees institutes that comprise the Biopolis, a hub of more than 2,000 researchers and staff. Here he talks with David Cyranoski about what’s ahead for Singapore.

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Image: A*STAR

Report backs pending legislation to investigate disease clusters

By Alisa Opar

report300.jpgIn Kettleman City, California, a town of 1,620 people, 11 babies were born with severe birth defects in the last three years. Meanwhile, at least 60 men who lived on the Camp Lejeune Marine Corps Base in North Carolina from the late 1950s into the 1980s have developed breast cancer. And residents in Wellington, Ohio are three times more likely to develop multiple sclerosis than in the rest of the country.

A new report highlights these and 39 other so-called ‘disease clusters’—defined as unusual aggregations, real or perceived, of health events grouped together in time and space—that have been confirmed or are currently being identified by a local, state or federal agency in 13 US states since 1976. The 28 March report from two nonprofit organizations, the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and the National Disease Clusters Alliance, calls for expanded federal efforts to identify clusters and their causes.

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NIH funding rates drop to record lows

Although the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) was largely spared the budgetary axe in the agreement reached last month by Congress, researchers will nevertheless soon feel the sting. Speaking before a Senate appropriations subcommittee yesterday, NIH director Francis Collins said that agency will likely only fund one in six grants in 2011 — the first time that the award rate has dipped below 20%. Here, the percentages of individual research project grants (R01s) awarded over the past 15 years are shown (with the projected level for 2011).

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Companies race to develop first Hedgehog inhibitor cancer drug

By Elie Dolgin

hedgehog.jpgORLANDO, FLORIDA — Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer, but in people with a hereditary predisposition to this disease, lesions crop up so fast that they can hardly keep pace with their doctor’s appointments. “Surgery can become tedious, and often, because of that, people don’t go as often as they should and the [cancerous] areas grow larger,” says Maria Michalowski, a former board member of the Basal Cell Carcinoma Nevus Syndrome (BCCNS) Life Support Network who herself suffers from the disease.

Yet, judging by trial results reported here last month at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), pharmaceutical options on the horizon may preclude the need for regular surgery. In a phase 2 study of 41 people with BCCNS, a team led by Ervin Epstein from the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute in California found that participants taking an experimental Genentech drug called vismodegib developed only four new tumors on average over the course of a year, compared to 24 in subjects on placebo. Plus, subjects taking the drug saw their existing skin lesions shrink dramatically, whereas those on the dummy pill experienced modest growths. “Indeed, there was a tremendous reduction in new lesions,” says Epstein. “The people on the drug had no surgeries. The difference was dramatic.”

Vismodegib, also commonly referred to as GDC-0449, works by inhibiting signaling in the so-called Hedgehog pathway, which regulates cell growth and differentiation. Mutations in this pathway are responsible for some cases of BCCNS as well as a form of brain cancer known as medulloblastoma. And, indeed, vismodegib has also been shown to benefit a young man with the latter disease (N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1173–1178, 2009).

But even when no such mutations are present, aberrant Hedgehog signaling can still drive solid tumors, for example by supporting the blood vessels that fuel their growth. That’s why Genentech, a San Francisco–based subsidiary of the Swiss pharma giant Roche, is currently testing its drug for nearly 20 other types of cancer.

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Image: USDA Forest Service

New technologies promise to improve blood supply safety

bloodsupply.jpgNEW YORK — Ever since scientists first linked an obscure blood-borne virus to chronic fatigue syndrome two years ago, blood centers around the world have been scrambling to determine whether their collections are safe. With memories of previous blood scares still fresh in the minds of blood bank officials, many collection centers have even gone so far as to bar donations from people with the disease. But it’s not just xenotropic murine leukemia virus–related virus (XMRV) that threatens global blood supplies today. Even well-known pathogens such as hepatitis B virus can slip through the cracks of existing screening techniques, leading to contaminated blood products and accidental infections.

Newly implemented technologies might change all that. Speaking at the New York Academy of Sciences here in late March, a panel of blood bank officials and infectious disease experts unveiled plans to make blood supplies safer by introducing DNA-based screening tests to improve disease detection.

“Our blood supply is safer than it’s ever been,” Gail Moskowitz, a healthcare consultant who has directed several blood banks in the New York area, said at the 29 March meeting. “But transfusion is still associated with [a] risk of transmission.”

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Image: iStockphoto