Materials Girl: Flying and soul searching

[Posted on behalf of Materials Girl]

Four hours into my first transatlantic flight, I have crazy cabin fever that won’t be helped by the usual narcoleptic tendencies (apparently my superpower of passing out is limited to talks/reading). Flights were a rare novelty in my younger days. Now, with some age and a few conferences under my belt, I wonder how frequent travellers manage to keep their sanity and knees intact in such cramped quarters. In lieu of cartwheeling down the aisles, I’ll be wiggling toes and catching up on blogging!

Change and adaptation are underlying features of graduate school. I’ve recently been learning this as a new PhD student, particularly with YouKnowWho (YKW) recently ‘suggesting’ an entirely new thesis subject. It appears that the previous funding source was not renewed, thus I’ve been reassigned — ending the promise to graduate using my Master’s research. Not to say that this hasn’t happened before or that I’m entirely surprised, but this is more serious than tossing new ideas to a Master’s student (whose thesis would likely not receive a thorough read). My newest projects have me changing material systems entirely, from semiconductors to metal-ceramics. Yikes.

So here I am, starting over with vague guidelines and no background. Is this my fault for not having specific goals/interest for my own research? I’m not sure. Thus far, I’ve gone along with YKW’s various ideas and had enough curiosity to work hard at them, but without finding any specific passions. YKW’s method has been to suggest general topics and then have me find something ‘interesting’ to study. Sometimes I get an itemized list of suggestions; sometimes a caveat is at the end reminding me that some/all of them may not work, in which case I must find another route. Lately it’s been baffling, and I’m sitting on this plane still wondering what YKW actually wants — all the while heading to another country for collaborative research on the new project. (I’ve long since given up on asking YKW about anything other than random details, as questions tend to result in “it’s your job to figure it out”.)

It has taken time for me to realize how directionless my research has been. In the past I’ve gotten by through various amounts of labour and good fortune, but I need to find a proper focus. My loyalty to the group (and reluctance to scrap three years of work) keeps me here. So, I’m buckling down for the long haul, all the while wondering how normal this situation is for students. To anyone still reading — what was your graduate experience like, as far as choosing/pursuing projects goes?

Article-level metrics

You might have noticed one or two excited tweets from us earlier today about this, but if not, here it is again: article-level metrics are now available on 20 journals on nature.com, including us! — the press release is here.

An example of one of our metrics pages can be found here. At the top of the page, there are citation counts from Web of Science, CrossRef and Scopus. Under that are more social metrics, from sources such as Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Google+, blog posts and news outlets. The box to the right then provides links out to the news and blog coverage. Here’s a screenshot:
 


 

Further down the page, you get to see the number of page views and how they change over time. You can mouse-over the data and see the number of views on any given date. There are definitions on each metrics page about what is counted in each section, but basically page views amount to the total of full-text html views and pdf downloads. Here’s the data for the same paper featured in the screenshot above.
 


 

You’ll notice an increase in the rate of views just below 2,000 views — interestingly, this corresponds to the paper being published in a monthly issue on that date. The views before that are from the paper being published online in advance of print. For some of our papers, you wouldn’t even notice any transition; the views smoothly increase and the issue date doesn’t have any impact. On the other hand, for some papers (such as this one), going into an issue makes a big difference. I haven’t really thought about why different papers are affected in different ways — so at the moment I have no idea why.
 

And although we can’t link directly to tweets about a paper (complain to Twitter, not to us), you can see the geographical breakdown of them. The paper associated with the screenshots above doesn’t have a lot (see below), but here’s an example of one that does — scroll down to see the map!
 


 

Anyway, there you go. We’d be interested to hear what you think about these article-level metrics — comment away!

Stuart

Stuart Cantrill (Chief Editor, Nature Chemistry)

100 years of the hydrogen bond

Our November issue is now live and I thought I’d offer you a teaser from the guest Thesis article this month. It was penned by Patrick Goymer, who is a Senior Editor at Nature. The full article requires a subscription to the journal and can be found here, but here’s a taste to whet your appetite…

———————

{credit}Courtesy of the Moore family{/credit}

Here’s a quick layperson’s quiz on the history of chemistry (I am, after all, a biologist from the decidedly furry and feathery end of the subject): Who discovered oxygen? The electron? Radium? The neutron? The hydrogen bond? The structure of DNA? I expect many of us wouldn’t have too much trouble coming up with J. J. Thomson (electron), the Curies (radium), Chadwick (neutron), and Watson and Crick, with perhaps an aside about Franklin and Wilkins (DNA). Some might give different answers about oxygen, but well done if Priestley, Scheele or Lavoisier popped into your head. But what about the hydrogen bond?

Surely it must be something to do with Linus Pauling — that sounds like a pretty good bet? Well, Pauling did of course synthesize our knowledge of chemical bonding, but when discussing the history of hydrogen bonding in his famous book The Nature of the Chemical Bond he points to a somewhat unremarkable-sounding study published in the Journal of the Chemical Society in 1912. This year marks the centenary of that paper — ‘The state of amines in aqueous solution’ — which was written by T. S. Moore and T. F. Winmill.

Before going any further, I should explain my interest in all of this. It would be disingenuous to explain it, at least entirely, in terms of the vast importance of hydrogen bonds for my own discipline, as the structural basis for heredity (nucleic acids) and biological function (proteins). Instead it is rather more personal: a few years ago I was lucky enough to marry T. S. Moore’s great-granddaughter.

So, who were Moore (pictured) and Winmill, and why do we not hear much about them? Tom Sidney Moore — the third son of a brass finisher — was born in London in 1881, not far from the present offices of Nature Publishing Group…

Reactions: Waldemar Adam

Waldemar Adam is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, and worked in physical organic chemistry on diverse topics: Radical and oxidation chemistry, photochemistry and bioluminescence.

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

Our ‘Mittelschule’ science and mathematics teacher (English also!) in Germany enamored me about the wonders of the ‘molecular world’ of chemistry. In postwar Germany we had no teaching lab, but our teacher set up a demonstration table and made me his assistant to help the day before with the experiments to be shown to the class. Surely you may appreciate what motivation a youngster derives from such a privilege. Chemistry became my hobby and fortunately I had the chance to make it my profession. Had you asked me whether I would choose chemistry again as my profession – by the way, this would be a revealing question to ask future ‘Reaction’ candidates – my reply would be an unconditional YES: Chemistry is my ‘bread and butter’ as well as my ‘joy and enlightenment’. Those are the lucky retirees, who make such a claim about their profession in their ‘Lebensabend’ phase!

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

Maybe hard to believe, but as a teenager I would have also liked to have become a historian. Again, we had a fascinating ‘Mittelschule’ teacher in history, who really entertained us by teaching about such illustrious personalities as Alexander the Great, Barbarossa, Bismarck, Cesar, Charlemagne, Charles V, Elizabeth I, Frederick the Great, Hannibal, Henry VIII, Maria Theresa, Napoleon Bonaparte, Peter the Great, and many more. Some of these were my heroes and I yearned to learn more about them. Be it as it may, I am grateful for having become a chemist rather than a historian.

3. What are you working on now, and where do you hope it will lead?

The opening sentence identifies me as a ‘retiree’ since october 2002: No research lab, no grants, no students! What does a retiree do after having operated a research group of over forty students at a time, published with them 50–60 papers per year in the best chemistry journals, and trained flocks of excellent chemists for academia, industry and government? Well, I decided to relive my life by composing my life story titled ‘I, Me and Myself’! I am having a barrel of fun; it keeps me intellectually agile.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

There are quite a few, it is hard to select just one. Confucius, the fascinating Chinese philosopher and inspiring teacher, would be one of these intellectual giants with whom I would love to dine and learn first-hand about his ‘mechanism of thought’, by that I mean what made him tick. His wise saying “The day you learn something new is a day worth living!” I have lived by throughout my academic career and is the motto during my ‘Lebensabend’.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

What an embarrassing query! Hands-on experiments are for  an experimental scientist like myself a form of ‘chemotherapy’. Unfortunately, while running a large research group as I did for several decades one finds little time for ‘chemotherapy’. But I vividly remember an incident some decades ago helping a frustrated doctoral student crystallize the new cyclic peroxide he made. The trick was to dissolve most of the oily sample in a little hot solvent, decant the hot supernatant from the slimy residue, wrap the clear solution in aluminum foil and let it stand to cool slowly. A couple of hours later beautiful snow-white crystals had formed. My student was impressed and confessed that he was too afraid to heat the peroxide because it might decompose. Eureka, once more I lucked out!

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one music album would you take with you?

This brainteaser I love because I have returned to live again in Puerto Rico, ‘island of enchantment’, its revered name. To answer, I must qualify that the appreciated reading material would depend on the phase of my life.

Were it in my formative period, I would appreciate something from the ‘Sturm und Drang’ era, my favorite Goethe’s ‘Götz von Berlichingen’ drama.  When we read this drama in class, our teacher – an elderly lady, conservative and most correct – voiced out loud the famous Berlichingen’s words …“Leck mich im Arsch” … For us teenagers it was a victorious moment.

Were it in my maturing academic period, I would appreciate the ‘Diary of Christopher Columbus’. His travel-log should help me to sail through the ‘world of molecules’ and discover new continents of structures.

Now in my ‘Lebensabend’ period, I would appreciate a set of essays by the Israeli humorist Ephraim Kishon, to cheer me up and entertain me.

As for a music album, I would treasure a collection of Louis Armstrong, alias Satchmo, especially his inspiring song “What a Wonderful World”.

7. Which chemist would you like to see interviewed on Reactions – and why?

May I suggest Ottorino De Lucchi, Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Venice (Italy), the prototype of a remarkable ‘molecular artist’. Driven by his artistic appreciation of symmetry, he designs novel molecular structures and paints beautiful nature images. To have him reply to your ‘Reactions’ questions should be entertaining and revealing.

 

A touch of indium

The presence of some elements in our daily lives often gets overlooked, and this is certainly the case in a striking manner for indium. We all know a copper coin when we see one, but I wonder how many people know an indium device when they use its fancy touchscreen function.

Catherine Renouf, a PhD student in materials chemistry at the University of St Andrews, does — and chose to spread the word by writing about indium for our essay competition last year. Her essay, which appears in this month’s ‘in your element’ article (free to registered users), explains indium’s sudden rise in popularity.

PORTRAIT OF REICH © SPL; IPAD © ISTOCK PHOTO/THINKSTOCK

Indium was unveiled to the world in 1867 — a public presentation that involved a bit of an artifice; find out in the article how discoverers Ferdinand Reich (pictured) and Hieronymous Richter ensured their ingot of rare indium wouldn’t inadvertently go missing.

Element 49 pretty much remained a curiosity in chemistry labs for the following 50 years, and it was its involvement in indium tin oxide (ITO) that suddenly rendered it very attractive. A material that is both electrically conductive and transparent makes for a great device coating, as simply touching the ITO layer sends a signal to the device. It is brittle, however, and we’ll need an alternative material to progress towards flexible and rollable displays.

But maybe that’s not a bad thing, as indium resources are fast being depleted. Chemists, to your benches!

Anne

Anne Pichon (Associate Editor, Nature Chemistry)

Reactions: Werner Nau

Werner Nau  is in the Department of Chemistry at Jacobs University Bremen, Germany, and works on supramolecular chemistry and photochemistry.

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

I think I told this story before: I didn’t intend to study chemistry, I applied for biology. In 1987, biology was hip in Germany and therefore admission was regulated centrally. The story is that my express letter which I sent took a week instead of a day, so I missed the deadline. As a generous compensation, Deutsche Post reimbursed me 3.20 Deutschmarks for the postage, which I invested in studying chemistry.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

For sure it must be an investigative one. Being a well-paid medievalist would be quite tempting. Just one month back, I was admitted to the Bishop’s archive to do family research, and it is amazing how time flies browsing all day long in old books, finding a hint here and there, and piecing everything together. It even gave me a chance to revive my Latin.

3. What are you working on now, and where do you hope it will lead?

Our research focus could be defined as unconventional applications of fluorescent probes and host-guest complexes. We develop, for example, fluorescent probes to assess the dynamics and structure of short peptides, a bottleneck in the understanding of the holy grail of protein folding. Additionally, we develop supramolecular approaches to set up enzyme assays and other nifty applications. Our favorite macrocycles are cucurbiturils, and we are convinced they will soon rival cyclodextrins with respect to real-life applications.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

Napoléon Bonaparte. He could have used some good advice.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

Just a year ago, when I taught one of my coworkers how to do freeze-pump-thaw cycles on the vacuum line and to administer different pressures of a hydrocarbon gas. I even did some titrations myself (which worked), and also demonstrated how to professionally break one of those expensive degassable cuvettes.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one music album would you take with you?

Of course, there will be at least a shed with a CD player, right? Then I would actually dare to take a novel, maybe “The Pillars Of The Earth” by Ken Follet, and “Made in Heaven” by Queen, these would be just fine to enjoy the sandy beach.

7. Which chemist would you like to see interviewed on Reactions – and why?

Interview Waldemar Adam! He exiled to Puerto Rico, so can tell you more about the island question. With 75 years of experience, he’s got something to say and he wanted to write his memoirs anyways.