Lead between the lines

Apologies for posting this a little late (again)… In the ‘in your element’ piece from our October issue, Somobrata Acharya from the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, recounts the role of lead throughout history. Element 82 has been known for thousands of years, and widely used owing to the fact that it is abundant, easy to extract, malleable and therefore easy to manipulate.

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© MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY / ALAMY

Lead was known to the ancient Greeks, somewhat confusingly under the name molybdos; it does make sense though, as they didn’t distinguish lead ores and molybdenum ones. In a similar manner, lead and tin were called plumbum nigrum (black lead) and plumbum candidum or album (bright lead), respectively, until the 16th century. Lead also appears in the Old Testament — I found these two incidences on the Elementymology & Elements Multidict website:

“Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters.” (Exodus 15, 10).

“Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead, Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean” (Numbers 31, 22-23).

This heavy metal was widespread in the Roman Empire, from water pipes to jewellery to sweetener production (in which lead acetate, also known as ‘lead sugar’ was used). It is toxic to humans though, damaging the nervous system and interfering with various organs and tissues. Lead poisoning can occur through either acute or chronic exposure — the latter being the most common one. It is very interesting that ancient Romans, Greeks and Chinese had noticed lead was toxic, yet it wasn’t until the 20th century that its use became strictly regulated, and leaded petrol and paint banned from sale.

The article also recounts some great discoveries involving this pervasive element — read for example in what way lead participated to the development of the radio, infrared technology, and understanding the quantum confinement effect.

Blogroll: Exposing fraud

Editor’s note: As we continue to invite bloggers out there in the wild to compose our monthly Blogroll column, Tom Phillips penned the November 2013 column.

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Should bloggers highlight questionable research articles, and if so, how?

Paul Bracher, who blogs at ChemBark, was the first to write about the now infamous “just make up an elemental analysis” paper in Organometallics and he more recently raised questions about some peculiar NMR spectra in Organic Letters. Similarly, Mitch André Garcia of Chemistry Blog brought attention to some questionable TEM images in Nano Letters.

Some have asked whether blogs are an appropriate venue for exposing dubious work. Even Garcia has criticized Bracher for “[losing] sight of the line between witch hunting and the proper responsibilities of the online chemical community”. In defence, Bracher points out that by raising concerns about other scientists’ work publicly, he puts his own reputation and credibility on the line.

Derek Lowe, at In The Pipeline, reflects on who should look for and expose faked papers. Lowe believes that making a public spectacle out of fabricated work acts a deterrent, but he doesn’t intend to turn his blog into the chemical literature police. Instead, he prefers that those most harmed by a suspicious paper challenge it themselves. In a subsequent post commenters debate what action is appropriate for unreproducible papers — suggestions included publishing a rebuttal and simply “turn off your web browser and get back to work”.

Finally, on a less serious note, John Spevacek at It’s a Rheo Thing considers what he would do to win a competition held in Paris at a screening of the Ig Nobel awards show. It’s a competitive take on the pitch drop experiment, in which one must prepare the slowest flowing mixture possible out of kitchen ingredients, but with a catch — it has to drop before the end of the show.

Written by Tom Phillips, who blogs at https://blog.tomwphillips.co.uk.

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[As mentioned in this post, we’re posting the monthly blogroll column here on the Sceptical Chymist. This is the November 2013 article]

Reactions: Ehud Keinan

Ehud Keinan, President of the Israel Chemical Society, is in the Schulich Faculty of Chemistry at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, and works on supramolecular chemistry, biomolecular computing and biocatalysis.

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

My chemistry teacher in high school, Mr. Zeev Karp, opened for me a window to the magic world of fascinating colors, smells, tastes, sounds, action and concepts that excited all my senses, triggered my curiosity, and fueled my imagination. At age 17, discovering the great opportunity of merging business with pleasure, I was determined to go for chemistry. I realized that if I became a research chemist I am awarded with a license to extend my childhood for the rest of my life, a license to keep playing wild games, with all the associated joy of discovery and creativity, and even be compensated for that. Obviously, that was an offer I couldn’t refuse, and I grabbed it. The funny thing is that even now, 50 years later, and being slightly less naïve, I still think the same way about chemistry.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

I would probably be doing anything that involves imagination and creativity but nothing that involves routine procedures. I would be happy being a visual artist, photographer for National Geographic, architect, carpenter, gardener, a member of an exploring expedition, etc. In retrospect, as a research chemist I have been all of these.

3. What are you working on now, and where do you hope it will lead?

I am working now on several things, probably too many. Yet, a new type of synthetic cavitands intrigues me much these days. We named these macrocyclic host molecules “multifarenes” due to their multifarious structures, comprising several different building blocks. One can envision many potential applications of these hollow molecules, including chemical sensing, highly selective catalysis and nano-fabrication. But frankly, my main motivation to make these molecules is their beautiful molecular architecture and the synthetic challenges involved.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

Undoubtedly, my choice would be Thomas Jefferson. I guess that I share the view of President John F. Kennedy, who said in 1962 at a White House dinner attended by every living American Nobel Laureate: “There has never been a greater concentration of intellectual power here at the White House since Thomas Jefferson dined alone.” I adore his eternal statement inscribed around the rotunda interior in Jefferson Memorial: “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” Definitely, he is the guy I would love to spend some time with.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

This is a painful issue, the frustrating side of my career. I have never wanted a career that requires sitting in a closed office for long hours, and, ironically, this is what I do most of my day. My most enjoyable experiments were always related to organic and organometallic synthesis, building a complex experimental setup with well-crafted glassware and sophisticated mechanical and electronic gadgets. Unfortunately, it has been already 10 years or more since I had an opportunity of playing alone with these toys. One of the games that I enjoy most is crystallizing a new organic compound, which has always involved more art than science. It is highly rewarding and aesthetically pleasing to watch the growing crystals of something that has never existed before. It is exciting to reveal the crystallographic structure, which is always unexpected, pretty much like scratching a lottery card or opening the white envelope in the Oscar ceremony.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one music album would you take with you?

I would probably take Beethoven symphonies or string quartets. The music is so rich with details and emotions, so it is never boring to listen to it time and again and discover hidden elements every time, pretty much like looking again and again at a masterpiece of Rembrandt or van Gogh. This is important because I’ll probably have much free time on that island. For the same reasons I would choose March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry because I love organic chemistry, I love thinking of reaction mechanisms and the limitless architecture of organic molecules. I am sure that every time I’ll get back to March I’ll find new points and come up with new ideas. Frankly, I look forward to going exile on a desert island because this will give me a great opportunity to focus on writing my own book, which has been waiting for too long.

7. Which chemist would you like to see interviewed on Reactions – and why?

Either Albert Eschenmoser or Jack Dunitz would be a great choice. Both are not only giant scientists but also extremely original and creative individuals with very broad knowledge and broad perspective on almost any topic, a quality that many specialized scientists lack these days. I see both as role models for the young generation of scientists and I’ll be intrigued to read their answers to the above questions.

Reactions: Guo-Xin Jin

Guo-Xin Jin is in the Chemistry Department at Fudan University, China. His research interests include catalysts for olefin polymerization and organometallic complexes.

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

When I entered the university and chose chemistry, given my circumstances in China at that time, I wasn’t able to know what it really is, except that it is useful. After then, I quickly became fascinated by the rich and beautiful colour changes of chemical reactions and reasons behind these changes. The ‘colour’ part might have something to do with me working on the organometallic chemistry now, because organometallic chemistry is always colourful. And the ‘wondering of “truths” behind a phenomenon’ part stayed with me ever since and eventually made me a chemist, or more accurately, a scientist.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

If not chemist, I might become an engineer. I have been dreaming of building bridges in my childhood. I guess there must be a part of me that is always eager to construct. And being a chemist, I still would like to consider myself as an engineer at the same time – on the molecular level. I build with molecules.

3. What are you working on now, and where do you hope it will lead?

As I said, I have been working on organometallic chemistry, which is the core of countless industrialized chemical processes. We the organometallic chemists always try to manipulate the way metals and organic compounds function, and to reveal the relationships of structures and properties. Give us time, and eventually, we will be able to build any organometallic molecules we want, and to design structures of molecules for any functions that we hope to achieve.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

E. O. Fischer, the founder of carbenes and carbynes. He is the person who shaped my way of thinking about chemistry and doing chemistry in many aspects. And I always feel like returning to his wisdom, his diligence and his life-time devotion to chemistry, which never fail to recharge my energy as a chemist.

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

It was no more than ten years ago, actually. I did one reaction when we were trying to industrialize one of our processes. The reaction could be dangerous if not being handled properly, so I did it myself.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one music album would you take with you?

I’ll never forget the experience of walking into some fipple flute music by the side of Lake Geneva several years ago. I guess I will take a fipple flute album with me to that island. It will make a fine island album – simple, mysterious, consoling.

7. Which chemist would you like to see interviewed on Reactions – and why?

Gerhard Erker. I always admire his way of developing a whole story of frustrated Lewis pair out of one single experimental finding, and would like to know more about his unique way of thinking about chemistry.

Reactions: Andrea Taroni

1. What made you want to be a chemist?

I suppose the reason I opted to apply for chemistry at university was the idea that it was the ‘central’ science, somehow sitting in between biology and physics. I soon realised that viewing the natural sciences like this is in some ways rather limiting, but once I started it was too late! I actually found the degree very challenging — there was so much to learn both in theory and in practice — but after some initial difficulties I enjoyed it. I chose to study at UCL because at the open day I went to, Andrea Sella (@sellathechemist) gave a talk in which he blew up loads of things and that made quite an impression.

2. If you weren’t a chemist and could do any other job, what would it be – and why?

Honestly, I don’t think I can call myself a chemist these days, at least not in front of other chemists. I got very interested in magnetism during my PhD, and I started to gravitate towards physics and statistical mechanics in particular. In that sense you can say that I chose to change jobs already! My two main spheres of interest as a teenager were football and music, and being either a footballer or a rockstar wouldn’t be bad, I guess. In moments of idle pensiveness I sometimes think I would like to be a writer, but deep down I think I would trade that all in to score a winning goal in the world cup final for Italy.

3. What are you working on now, and where do you hope it will lead?

Right now I am working with some colleagues on a long term editorial project focusing on the historical milestones that have defined the field of crystallography. It’s a field with a long and distinguished history and it really cuts across all the scientific disciplines. I’m hoping that once we publish it next year it will help raise awareness of its importance, especially to young aspiring scientists. I also deal with submissions in the fields of spintronics, magnetism and superconductivity at Nature Materials, but what that will lead to I couldn’t possibly say.

4. Which historical figure would you most like to have dinner with – and why?

There are tonnes of scientists I would like to meet, Ludwig Boltzmann in particular, but Julius Caesar would be hard to beat as a historical figure. He was so many things: a military commander, a politician (well, a dictator eventually, but let’s not split hairs), not to mention a writer and orator with a lasting legacy. I would just like to meet and get a feeling for the character of a figure of such towering importance. I would also ask him if the Gauls really drove him round the bend, like Asterix teaches us. And why not invite Cleopatra along too? That would be a great night out, Julius Caesar and Cleopatra!

5. When was the last time you did an experiment in the lab – and what was it?

That would be sometime in early 2010 in Uppsala, Sweden, where I was helping some colleagues measure the magnetic response of a laser beam shining off a thin magnetic film, a phenomenon known as the magneto-optic Kerr effect. We established that the magnetism of our films displayed all the hallmarks of being dimensionally confined, and we confirmed that I am a terrible experimentalist. I had very patient colleagues. If we’re talking about a chemistry experiment, then we would have to go back to 2003, in the last year of my degree: I tried very hard to synthesise crystals of a funny magnetic material called hydronium jarosite. Instead, I successfully made millions, if not billions, of really tiny particles of what goes by the generic name of ‘rust’. But I did make them in a really original and expensive way.

6. If exiled on a desert island, what one book and one music album would you take with you?

I would have to go for one of those timeless books with a certain amount of depth to it, I suppose, something like War and Peace or Don Quixote. If I had some advance warning I was about to be shipped off to the island for ever, I would also make sure I learned the Inferno from Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy by heart, like my grandfather does. As for the music album, I don’t think I would be too fussy. I always find that Blood Sugar Sex Magik by the Red Hot Chili Peppers periodically ends up back on my stereo, so I think I would go for that.

7. Which chemist would you like to see interviewed on Reactions – and why?

I often find that people don’t always appreciate how the tools that underpin analytical chemistry — spectroscopy and crystallography in particular – are used in all sorts of fields that aren’t immediately thought of as ‘chemistry’. So there are ‘chemists’ that work as restorers of fine art, others that work as solid-state physicists in disguise, and some that even brew beer for a living. I would like to see such people interviewed here. Also, three chemists I have fond memories of as great teachers and scientists at UCL are Andrea Sella, Willie Motherwell and Steve Bramwell.

Andrea Taroni is an Associate Editor for Nature Materials; he goes by @TaroniAndrea on Twitter.