Alzheimer’s patients with different medical histories might possess distinct variants of amyloid beta fibrils—the basic component of the plaque-like deposits found in the brains of people with the disorder—according to study of two affected individuals published online today in the journal Cell. The findings hint at the existence of Alzheimer’s disease subcategories, and suggest a potential path forward to improving the diagnostic specificity of this devastating illness.
It’s thought by some scientists that the overproduction of amyloid beta peptides, or perhaps the failure to clear this peptide, can cause an accumulation of these molecules and the formation of fibrils in the brain, possibility leading to inflammation and neurotoxic effects.
Previous studies demonstrated that amyloid beta fibrils cultured in a test tube can present different molecular structures and can retain these structures when grown from short fibril fragments. To determine if different structures of these peptide chains are also present in human brains, the study’s researchers gently extracted amyloid fibrils from postmortem brain tissue taken from two Alzheimer’s patients who had different medical histories. One of the individuals received an Alzheimer’s diagnosis while still alive. The other was had initially been diagnosed with another form of dementia, but an autopsy that revealed the hallmark amyloid plaques in his her brain that indicated Alzheimer’s.
The researchers then used the extracted amyloid beta fibrils to seed the growth of isotopically-labeled amyloid samples in sufficient quantity for analysis. A close inspection of the peptides revealed that the fibrils grown from one patient seemed to have a periodic twist in their structure that was absent from those grown from the other patient’s sample, which grew fibrils with a constant diameter of 7 nanometers. Importantly, each of the patients possessed a single type of structure that did not overlap with that found in the other.